PLANT TAXONOMY

Cover
Half Title
About The Author
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
1. Introduction
	1.1 Taxonomy and Systematics: Synonyms or Independent Branches
	1.2 Systematics and the Systematist
	1.3 Objectives, Goals and Aims of Plant Systematics
	1.4 Hierarchical Stages of a Systematist
	1.5 Hierarchical Categories of Taxonomy
	1.6 Basic Components of Taxonomy
	1.7 Future of Plant Taxonomy
	Test Your Understanding
	Suggested Reading
2. History of Plant Taxonomy
	2.1 History and Development of Plant Classification
	2.2 Taxonomy—Our Contemporary
	2.3 Chronological Development of Taxonomy in India
	2.4 Some Indian Journals Related to Taxonomy
	2.5 A Note on Botanical Survey of India
	Test Your Understanding
	Suggested Reading
3. Classification
	3.1 What is Classification?
	3.2 Ranks of Plant Classification
	3.3 Types of Systems of Classification
	3.4 Some Important Systems of Classification
	3.5 Comparison of Systems of Classification
	3.6 Current Systems of Classification
	Test Your Understanding
	Suggested Reading
4. Taxonomic Structure
	4.1 Concept of Taxa
	4.2 Concept of Species
	4.3 Concept of Genus
	4.4 Concept of Family
	4.5 Taxa above Family Level
	Test Your Understanding
	Suggested Reading
5. Plant Collection and Specimen Preparation
	5.1 Which Type of Specimens should be Collected?
	5.2 Field Equipment and Supplies
	5.3 Organisation of the Field Press
	5.4 How to Press Plant Specimens?
	5.5 Drying of Specimens
	5.6 Mounting of Specimens
	5.7 Deep-freezing Methods
	5.8 Labelling of Specimens
	5.9 Identification of Specimens
	Test Your Understanding
	Suggested Reading
6. Examination of a Plant Specimen
	6.1 Equipment Needed for Examination of Plant Specimen
	6.2 Instructions to be Followed while Examining a Plant Specimen
	6.3 Guide to the Examination of Plant Specimen
	Test Your Understanding
	Suggested Reading
7. Plant Identification
	7.1 What is Identification?
	7.2 Characters often Considered before Plant Identification
	7.3 Identification with Keys
	7.4 Some Unconventional Identification Methods
	7.5 Artificial Keys for the Identification of 51 Common Families of Angiosperms
	Test Your Understanding
	Suggested Reading
8. Plant Nomenclature, Botanical Names and Phylocode
	(A) Plant Nomenclature
		8.1 Fundamentals of Plant Nomenclature
		8.2 Common Names and Scientific Names
		8.3 Binomial Nomenclature
		8.4 International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)
		8.5 Some Important Rules of Nomenclature
	(B) Botanical Names
		8.6 Common Prefixes used in Specific Epithets
		8.7 Common Suffixes used in Specific Epithets
		8.8 Plant Parts used as Epithets
		8.9 Specific Epithets Linked with Colour
		8.10 Specific Epithets Linked with Geography
		8.11 Specific Epithets Linked with Size
		8.12 Specific Epithets Linked with Habit
		8.13 Specific Epithets Linked with Habitats
	(C) Phylocode: A New System of Nomenclature
		8.14 What is Phylocode?
		8.15 Principles of the Phylocode
		8.16 Phylocode: An Overview
		8.17 Registration Database of Phylocode
		8.18 Main Events in the History of Phylocode
		8.19 Future of Phylocode
	Test Your Understanding
	Suggested Reading
9. Modern Trends in Plant Taxonomy
	9.1 External Morphology in Relation to Taxonomy
	9.2 Vegetative Anatomy in Relation to Taxonomy
	9.3 Floral Anatomy in Relation to Taxonomy
	9.4 Cytology in Relation to Taxonomy or Cytotaxonomy
	9.5 Palynology in Relation to Taxonomy
	9.6 Embryology in Relation to Taxonomy
	9.7 Chemistry in Relation to Taxonomy
	9.8 Ecology in Relation to Taxonomy
	9.9 Palaeobotany in Relation to Taxonomy
	9.10 Electron Microscopy in Relation to Taxonomy
	Test Your Understanding
	Suggested Reading
10. Numerical Taxonomy
	10.1 What is Numerical Taxonomy?
	10.2 Principles of Numerical Taxonomy
	10.3 Logical Steps of Numerical Taxonomy
	10.4 Advantages of Numerical Taxonomy
	10.5 Applications of Numerical Taxonomy
	Test Your Understanding
	Suggested Reading
11. Chemotaxonomy
	11.1 What is Chemotaxonomy?
	11.2 Purpose of Chemotaxonomy
	11.3 A Brief History
	11.4 Chemical Characters and their use in Taxonomy
	Test Your Understanding
	Suggested Reading
12. Molecular Taxonomy
	12.1 What is Molecular Taxonomy?
	12.2 Basics used in the Techniques and Applications of Molecular Taxonomy
	12.3 Names of Some Techniques used in Molecular Taxonomy
	12.4 Relation of Chemotaxonomy and Molecular Taxonomy
	12.5 Where do we Stand Today in Knowing DNA-sequencing Techniques and Why?
	12.6 Status of Molecular Taxonomy in India
	12.7 What does a Typical Molecular Systematic Analysis Require?
	12.8 Assumptions and Uses of Molecular Taxonomy
	12.9 Criticism and Future of Molecular Systematics
	12.10 A Note on Molecular Markers
	12.11 Some Specific Examples Showing Role of Molecular Systematics in Plants
	Test Your Understanding
	Suggested Reading
13. Serotaxonomy
	13.1 What is Serotaxonomy?
	13.2 Some other Related Terms
	13.3 General Features of Serological Reactions
	13.4 Brief History of Serotaxonomy
	13.5 General Process of Serotaxonomy
	13.6 Examples of Serotaxonomic Importance
	Test Your Understanding
	Suggested Reading
14. Phylogeny: Origin and Evolution of Angiosperms
	14.1 What is Phylogeny?
	14.2 What are Angiosperms?
	14.3 General Principles of Angiosperm Phylogeny
	14.4 Angiosperm Phylogeny: A Generally Accepted Picture
	14.5 Monophyletic or Polyphyletic Origin
	14.6 Fossil Records or Time of Angiosperms Origin
	14.7 Probable Ancestors of Angiosperms: Some Theories
	14.8 Primitive Angiosperms
	14.9 Place of the Origin of Angiosperms
	14.10 Origin of Monocots: Some Views
	14.11 Lines of Evolution in Angiosperms
	Test Your Understanding
	Suggested Reading
15. Botanical Library
	15.1 Botanical Library and Systematics
	15.2 Common Terms Used in a Botanical Library
	15.3 Use of Botanical Library
	15.4 Botanical Library as a Training Centre
	15.5 Classification used in a Botanical Library
	15.6 Major Botanical Libraries of the World
	15.7 Future Information Systems
	Test Your Understanding
	Suggested Reading
16. Herbarium
	16.1 Herbarium and its Limits
	16.2 History of Herbarium Development
	16.3 A Modern Herbarium
	16.4 Twenty Major Herbaria of the World
	16.5 Major Indian Herbaria
	16.6 Functions of Herbaria
	16.7 Precautions for Using Herbarium
	Test Your Understanding
	Suggested Reading
17. Botanical Gardens
	17.1 What are Botanical Gardens?
	17.2 45 Major Botanical Gardens of the World: A Chronological Directory
	17.3 Major Botanical Gardens of India
	17.4 Largest Botanical Garden of India
	17.5 Largest Botanical Garden of the World
	17.6 Role of Botanical Gardens
	Test Your Understanding
	Suggested Reading
18. Floral Formula and Floral Diagram
	18.1 What is a Floral Formula?
	18.2 Symbols Employed in Floral Formulae
	18.3 What is a Floral Diagram?
	18.4 What Does a Floral Diagram Inform?
	18.5 How to Draw a Floral Diagram?
	Test Your Understanding
	Suggested Reading
19. Position of Some Selected Families in Classification Systems Proposed by Bentham and Hooker, Engler and Prantl, Hutchinson, Takhtajan, Cronquist, and Thorne
	Test Your Understanding
	Suggested Reading
20. 550 Terms of Plant Description
	20.1 Plant Parts
	20.2 Plant Types (Habit and Habitat)
	20.3 Root
	20.4 Stem (Types, Surface, Forms and Modifications)
	20.5 Leaf
	20.6 Inflorescence
	20.7 Flower (Parts and Types)
	20.8 Calyx
	20.9 Aestivation
	20.10 Corolla
	20.11 Perianth
	20.12 Androecium
	20.13 Gynoecium
	20.14 Placentation
	20.15 Fruit
	Test Your Understanding
	Suggested Reading
21. Selected Families of Dicotyledons
	21.1 Dicotyledons
	21.2 Polypetalae
	21.3 Ranales
	21.4 Magnoliaceae (Magnolia Family)
	21.5 Annonaceae (Custard Apple Family)
	21.6 Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family)
	21.7 Nymphaeaceae (Water-Lily Family)
	21.8 Parietales
	21.9 Papaveraceae (Poppy Family)
	21.10 Fumariaceae (Fumaria Family or Fumitory Family)
	21.11 Capparidaceae (The Capers Family)
	21.12 Brassicaceae or Cruciferae (Mustard Family)
	21.13 Violaceae (Violet Family)
	21.14 Caryophyllineae
	21.15 Caryophyllaceae (Pink Family)
	21.16 Portulacaceae (Purslane Family)
	21.17 Malvales
	21.18 Malvaceae (Mallow Family)
	21.19 Sterculiaceae (Sterculia Family)
	21.20 Tiliaceae (Lime Family or Basswood Family)
	21.21 Bombacaceae (Bombax Family)
	21.22 Geraniales
	21.23 Geraniaceae (Geranium Family)
	21.24 Oxalidaceae (Wood-Sorrel Family)
	21.25 Rutaceae (Citrus Family or Rue Family)
	21.26 Meliaceae (Mahogany Family)
	21.27 Celastrales
	21.28 Rhamnaceae (Buckthorn Family)
	21.29 Vitaceae (Grape Family)
	21.30 Sapindales
	21.31 Sapindaceae (Soapberry Family)
	21.32 Anacardiaceae (Cashew Family)
	21.33 Rosales
	21.34 Leguminosae (Legume Family)
	21.35 Subfamily Mimosoideae or Mimoseae (Mimosa Family)
	21.36 Subfamily Caesalpinioideae or Caesalpinieae (Cassia Family)
	21.37 Subfamily Papilionoideae (Pea Family or Bean Family)
	21.38 Rosaceae (Rose Family)
	21.39 Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage Family)
	21.40 Myrtales
	21.41 Combretaceae (Combretum Family)
	21.42 Myrtaceae (Myrtle Family)
	21.43 Lythraceae (Loosestrife Family)
	21.44 Passiflorales
	21.45 Cucurbitaceae (Gourd Family)
	21.46 Begoniaceae (Begonia Family)
	21.47 Passifloraceae (Passion-Flower Family)
	21.48 Ficoidales
	21.49 Cactaceae (Cactus Family)
	21.50 Umbellales
	21.51 Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (Carrot Family)
	21.52 Araliaceae (Aralia or Ginseng Family)
	21.53 Gamopetalae
	21.54 Rubiales
	21.55 Rubiaceae (Coffee Family or Madder Family)
	21.56 Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family)
	21.57 Asterales
	21.58 Compositae or Asteraceae (Sunflower or Aster Family)
	21.59 Campanales
	21.60 Campanulaceae (Bellflower Family)
	21.61 Ericales
	21.62 Ericaceae (Heath Family)
	21.63 Primulales
	21.64 Primulaceae (Primula or Primrose Family)
	21.65 Plumbaginaceae (Leadwort Family)
	21.66 Ebenales
	21.67 Sapotaceae (Sapota Family)
	21.68 Gentianales
	21.69 Oleaceae (Olive Family)
	21.70 Asclepiadaceae (Milkweed Family)
	21.71 Apocynaceae (Dogbane Family)
	21.72 Loganiaceae (Logania Family)
	21.73 Polemoniales
	21.74 Boraginaceae (Borage Family)
	21.75 Convolvulaceae (Morning Glory Family)
	21.76 Solanaceae (Potato or Nightshade Family)
	21.77 Polemoniaceae (Phlox Family)
	21.78 Personales
	21.79 Scrophulariaceae (Snapdragon Family)
	21.80 Bignoniaceae (Bignonia Family)
	21.81 Pedaliaceae (Benne Family)
	21.82 Acanthaceae (Acanthus Family)
	21.83 Lamiales
	21.84 Labiatae or Lamiaceae (Mint Family)
	21.85 Verbenaceae (Verbena Family)
	21.86 Plantaginaceae (Plantago Family)
	21.87 Monochlamydeae
	21.88 Chenopodiaceae (Goosefoot Family)
	21.89 Amaranthaceae (Amaranthus or Pigweed Family)
	21.90 Polygonaceae (Buckwheat or Smartweed Family)
	21.91 Aristolochiaceae (Birthwort Family)
	21.92 Piperaceae (Pepper Family)
	21.93 Loranthaceae (Mistletoe Family)
	21.94 Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family)
	21.95 Urticaceae (Nettle Family)
	21.96 Moraceae (Mulberry Family)
	21.97 Cannabinaceae (Hemp Family)
	21.98 Casuarinaceae (Casuarina Family)
	21.99 Salicaceae (Willow Family)
	Test Your Understanding
	Suggested Reading
22. Selected Families of Monocotyledons
	22.1 Monocotyledons and their Classification
	22.2 Orchidaceae (Orchid Family)
	22.3 Iridaceae (Iris Family)
	22.4 Amaryllidaceae (Daffodil Family)
	22.5 Bromeliaceae (Pineapple Family)
	22.6 Cannaceae (Canna Family)
	22.7 Musaceae (Banana Family)
	22.8 Zingiberaceae (Ginger Family)
	22.9 Liliaceae (Lily Family)
	22.10 Commelinaceae (Spiderwort Family)
	22.11 Juncaceae (Rush Family)
	22.12 Palmae or Arecaceae (Palm Family)
	22.13 Typhaceae (Cattail Family)
	22.14 Araceae (Arum Family)
	22.15 Alismataceae or Alismaceae (Water Plaintain Family)
	22.16 Cyperaceae (Sedge Family)
	22.17 Gramineae or Poaceae (Grass Family)
	Test Your Understanding
	Suggested Reading
Appendix 1
	Examination Tools—Comparative Tables of Selected Families
		Table A.1 Magnoliaceae and Annonaceae
		Table A.2 Ranunculaceae and Nymphaeaceae
		Table A.3 Ranunculaceae and Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
		Table A.4 Ranunculaceae and Rosaceae
		Table A.5 Papaveraceae and Fumariaceae
		Table A.6 Papaveraceae and Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
		Table A.7 Capparidaceae and Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
		Table A.8 Capparidaceae and Caryophyllaceae
		Table A.9 Malvaceae and Tiliaceae
		Table A.10 Oxalidaceae and Geraniaceae
		Table A.11 Rutaceae and Meliaceae
		Table A.12 Rutaceae and Anacardiaceae
		Table A.13 Sapindaceae and Anacardiaceae
		Table A.14 Mimosoideae, Caesalpinioideae and Papilionoideae
		Table A.15 Rosaceae and Myrtaceae
		Table A.16 Rosaceae and Cucurbitaceae
		Table A.17 Rosaceae and Saxifragaceae
		Table A.18 Umbelliferae and Rubiaceae
		Table A.19 Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) and Compositae (Asteraceae)
		Table A.20 Rubiaceae and Compositae (Asteraceae)
		Table A.21 Asclepiadaceae and Apocynaceae
		Table A.22 Convolvulaceae and Solanaceae
		Table A.23 Labiatae, Boraginaceae and Scrophulariaceae
		Table A.24 Acanthaceae, Labiatae and Verbenaceae
		Table A.25 Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae
		Table A.26 Amaranthaceae and Polygonaceae
		Table A.27 Euphorbiaceae and Moraceae
		Table A.28 Musaceae and Zingiberaceae
		Table A.29 Liliaceae and Iridaceae
		Table A.30 Liliaceae and Amaryllidaceae
		Table A.31 Juncaceae and Cyperaceae
		Table A.32 Gramineae (Poaceae) and Juncaceae
		Table A.33 Cyperaceae and Gramineae (Poaceae)
		Examination Tools—Major Characters of Discussed Families
Appendix 2
	Examination Tools—Selected Medicinal Plants and their Utility: At a Glance
Index