Plant-Pathogen Interactions (Annual Plant Reviews, Volume 11)

Half Title......Page 2
Series......Page 3
Title......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
List of Contributors......Page 11
Preface......Page 13
1.2Breaching the host cuticle......Page 16
1.2.1MAP kinase signalling during infection-related development by fungi......Page 17
1.4Subverting host metabolism and defence......Page 19
1.4.1Effector proteins deployed by pathogenic bacteria......Page 22
1.4.2Host mimicry......Page 23
1.5Perception of pathogens......Page 24
1.5.1Recognition in gene-for-gene interactions and the guard hypothesis......Page 29
1.6Genome-level analysis of pathogens......Page 30
1.6.1Fungal and oomycete phytopathogen genomics......Page 32
1.7The future......Page 33
References......Page 34
2.1Introduction......Page 42
2.2.1Genome structure and the taxonomy of TMV and related viruses......Page 43
2.2.3Virion assembly......Page 44
2.2.4Proteins encoded by the TMV genome......Page 45
2.2.6The establishment of TMV infection......Page 47
2.3.1The process of replication and subgenomic RNA synthesis......Page 49
2.3.2The composition of the TMV replicase complex and its location in the infected cell......Page 50
2.4.1.1Plasmodesmata and the viral movement protein......Page 53
2.4.1.2Interactions of the TMV MP with host cell ultrastructure......Page 55
2.4.1.3Interactions of the TMV MP with host proteins......Page 56
2.4.2.2The movement protein......Page 58
2.4.2.3The coat protein and systemic movement......Page 60
2.4.2.4The replicase proteins, virus replication, and systemic movement......Page 61
2.5.1The ‘susceptible’ host......Page 62
2.5.1.2Mosaic symptoms in systemically infected plants: an effect of localized RNA silencing?......Page 64
2.5.2.1The N resistance gene......Page 66
2.5.2.3Genes for resistance to tobamoviruses in tomato......Page 67
2.5.2.4Genetically engineered resistance to tobamoviruses......Page 68
2.6Future directions for TMV research: making an old foe into a new friend?......Page 69
References......Page 70
3.1Infection cycle (general summary)......Page 83
3.2Architecture of virions......Page 85
3.4.1Translation initiation......Page 87
3.4.2Polyprotein processing......Page 88
3.5RNA synthesis and viral genome replication......Page 89
3.6.1Intracellular movement......Page 91
3.6.2Cell-to-cell movement......Page 92
3.6.3Vascular movement......Page 93
3.7Induction of symptoms......Page 94
3.8.2Seed transmission......Page 96
3.9Variability and evolution......Page 97
Acknowledgments......Page 99
References......Page 100
4.1.2Taxonomical status of the species and infraspecific classification......Page 107
4.1.3R. solanacearum, a vascular pathogen that promotes xylem vessel occlusion......Page 109
4.1.4Epidemiology and environmental survival......Page 110
4.2.1Exopolysaccharide I......Page 112
4.2.2.1 Plant cell wall degrading enzymes and proteins secreted through the General Secretory Pathway......Page 113
4.2.2.2The Type III secretion system (TTSS)......Page 115
4.2.3.2Type IV pili......Page 117
4.2.4Regulation of pathogenicity......Page 118
4.2.4.3A multicomponent network regulating virulence functions......Page 119
4.2.5Genome-wide identification of candidate genes potentially involved in pathogenicity......Page 120
References......Page 121
5.1Introduction......Page 128
5.3Population sizes of Pss on populations of leaf habitats......Page 129
5.4Population processes: searching for causes of variability in pathogen population sizes......Page 132
5.4.1Immigration and multiplication......Page 133
5.4.3The four processes working together......Page 135
5.4.4Enter the environment......Page 136
5.4.5Enter the host......Page 138
5.5Pss population sizes and the likelihood of disease development......Page 139
5.6How does Pss cause brown spot lesions?......Page 140
5.6.1Growth chamber assays......Page 142
5.6.2.2Leaves......Page 144
5.6.2.3Brown spot disease......Page 145
5.6.4Reconciliation......Page 146
5.7Summary......Page 147
References......Page 149
6.2Life cycle of Magnaporthe grisea......Page 153
6.3.1Attachment......Page 156
6.4.1Surface recognition and appressorium initiation......Page 157
6.4.2Appressorium maturation......Page 158
6.4.3The role of cAMP signaling in surface recognition and appressorium initiation......Page 159
6.4.4PMK1 regulates appressorium formation and maturation......Page 160
6.4.6Other factors affecting appressorium formation......Page 162
6.4.7Other mutants defective in appressorium morphogenesis......Page 163
6.5.2Forces of penetration......Page 164
6.5.3Turgor generation......Page 165
6.5.4Other genes involved in appressorial penetration......Page 166
6.6.1Infectious hyphae......Page 167
6.6.3Avirulence genes......Page 168
6.6.4Nutritional requirements and metabolic activities during infectious growth......Page 169
6.6.5Other mutants defective in infectious growth and lesion formation......Page 170
6.6.6Genes specifically or highly expressed during infectious growth......Page 171
6.7Conidiation......Page 172
6.8Genomics studies......Page 173
References......Page 174
7.1Introduction......Page 181
7.2Teliospore germination and meiosis......Page 183
7.3Mating and dikaryon formation......Page 184
7.4.1Infection structures in U. maydis......Page 193
7.4.2Can haploid strains penetrate plant cells?......Page 195
7.4.4Potential role of lytic enzymes in penetration......Page 196
7.5.1Proliferation of hyphae......Page 197
7.5.2Interspecies signaling and colonization-specific fungal gene expression......Page 199
7.5.3The biotrophic interface......Page 200
7.6.1Developmental stages during gall formation and teliosporogenesis......Page 201
7.6.2Genetic regulation of gall formation and teliosporogenesis......Page 202
7.6.3Completion of sexual cycle in vitro......Page 205
7.7Survival......Page 206
7.8Genetic diversity in U. maydis......Page 207
7.9Host resistance......Page 208
7.10Conclusions......Page 209
References......Page 210
8.1Introduction......Page 217
8.2Life cycle – an overview......Page 218
8.3Conidia and germination......Page 220
8.4Surface perception and early events following contact with the surface......Page 221
8.5.1cAMP and PKA......Page 224
8.5.2MAP kinases......Page 225
8.5.3PKC......Page 226
8.6Penetration......Page 227
8.7The haustorium......Page 228
8.8Vegetative growth and sporulation......Page 230
8.9Outlook......Page 231
References......Page 232
9.2History of late blight......Page 234
9.3Economic and social impact of Phytophthora plant pathogens......Page 235
9.5The disease cycle of Phytophthora infestans......Page 236
9.5.1.1Release of zoospores from sporangia......Page 238
9.5.1.2Encystment, germination, and appressoria formation......Page 240
9.5.1.3Mating......Page 242
9.5.1.4In planta gene expression......Page 243
9.6.2.2Avirulence genes......Page 246
9.6.2.3Resistance genes......Page 247
9.6.2.4Non-host resistance......Page 248
9.6.3Durable resistance......Page 249
9.7Future perspectives......Page 250
References......Page 251
Index......Page 258