Plant Innate Immunity Signals and Signaling Systems: Bioengineering and Molecular Manipulation for Crop Disease Management (Signaling and Communication in Plants)

Contents
1 Introduction
	1.1 Signals and Signaling Systems Involved in Activation of Plant Innate Immune System
	1.2 Bioengineering Technologies to Activate Plant Immunity Signaling Systems for Management of Crop Diseases
	1.3 Molecular Manipulation of Plant Immunity Signaling Systems Using Abiotic or Biotic Elicitors for Management of Crop Diseases
	References
2 Manipulation of Calcium Ion Influx—Mediated Immune Signaling Systems for Crop Disease Management
	2.1 Ca2+ Signaling Components
	2.2 Bioengineering G-Proteins for Plant Disease Management
	2.3 Engineering Glutamate-Gated Ca2+ Channel for Plant Disease Management
	2.4 Engineering H+-ATPase for Plant Disease Management
	2.5 Molecular Manipulation of H+-ATPase Proton Pump by Laminarin for Crop Disease Management
	2.6 Manipulation of H+-ATPase Using Chitosan Commercial Formulations
	2.7 Engineering Annexins for Crop Disease Management
	2.8 Bioengineering Calmodulin Genes to Promote Immune Responses for Plant Disease Management
	2.9 Engineering CBP60g Calmodulin-Binding Proteins for Disease Management
	2.10 Engineering Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase Genes for Crop Disease Management
	2.11 Manipulation of Ca2+-Dependent Signaling Pathway by Vitamin B1
	References
3 Manipulation of Reactive Oxygen Species, Redox and Nitric Oxide Signaling Systems to Activate Plant Innate Immunity for Crop Disease Management
	3.1 Complexity of ROS-Redox-NO Signaling System
	3.2 Manipulation of ROS Signaling System Using Benzothiadiazole (BTH) for Crop Disease Management
		3.2.1 BTH Triggers Oxidative Burst and Accumulation of ROS Through Phospholipid Signaling
		3.2.2 BTH Triggers Accumulation of ROS Through Action of Peroxidases and Superoxide Dismutases
		3.2.3 BTH May Trigger Accumulation of ROS Through Suppression of ROS-Degrading Enzymes
		3.2.4 Fine-Tuning of Accumulation of ROS by BTH
		3.2.5 BTH Activates NPR1 by Inducing ROS-Mediated Redox Signaling
		3.2.6 BTH Primes the Plants for Faster and Stronger Production of ROS
		3.2.7 Manipulation of Peroxidases by BTH for Crop Disease Management
		3.2.8 BTH Induces Several Host Plant Defense Responses Downstream of ROS Signaling
		3.2.9 Management of Fungal Diseases in Crop Plants by Triggering Immune Responses Using BTH
		3.2.10 Management of Oomycete Diseases of Crop Plants by Triggering Plant Immune Responses Using BTH
		3.2.11 Management of Bacterial Diseases in Crop Plants by Triggering Plant Immune Responses Using BTH
		3.2.12 Management of Virus Diseases in Crop Plants by Triggering Plant Immune Responses Using BTH
		3.2.13 Management of Phytoplasma Diseases of Crop Plants by Triggering Plant Immune Responses Using BTH
		3.2.14 Management of Parasitic Plants by Manipulation of ROS Signaling System Using BTH
	3.3 Manipulation of ROS and Redox Signaling Systems Using Riboflavin to Promote Plant Immunity Potential for Crop Disease Management
	3.4 Molecular Manipulation of ROS-Mediated Redox Signaling System Using Menadione Sodium Bisulphite for Crop Disease Management
	3.5 Management of Crop Diseases Using Thiamine Through Manipulation of ROS Signaling System
	3.6 Manipulation of ROS and Redox Signaling Systems Using Herbicides to Activate Plant Immune Signaling System for Crop Disease Management
		3.6.1 Management of Crop Diseases Using Lactofen Through Singlet Oxygen-Mediated ROS Signaling System
		3.6.2 Management of Crop Diseases Using Trifluralin Through Manipulation of ROS-Mediated Redox Signaling System
		3.6.3 Management of Crop Diseases Using Glufosinate Ammonium Through Manipulation of ROS-Signaling System
	3.7 Management of Crop Diseases Using Giant Knotweed Extract Through Activation of ROS Signaling System
	3.8 Manipulation of ROS Signaling System Using β-Aminobutyric Acid for Crop Disease Management
		3.8.1 BABA Triggers ROS Production and Activates Plant Immune Responses
		3.8.2 BABA Primes NADPH Oxidase-Dependent ROS Production and Induces Disease Resistance
		3.8.3 ROS Homeostasis May Regulate Primed Immune Responses
	3.9 Manipulation of ROS Signaling System Using Phosphorous Compounds for Crop Disease Management
		3.9.1 Potassium Phosphonate Triggers ROS Signaling System-Mediated Plant Defense Responses
		3.9.2 K2HPO4 Triggers ROS Signaling in Plant Immune System
	3.10 Reactive Oxygen Species Generators as Plant Innate Immunity System Activators for Crop Disease Management
	3.11 Manipulation of ROS and Redox Signaling System Using Microbes to Trigger Immune Responses for Crop Disease Management
		3.11.1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Induces ISR by Triggering ROS Signaling System
		3.11.2 Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS374r Induces ROS-Mediated Disease Resistance
		3.11.3 Serratia plymuthica Primes Plants for Enhanced Attacker-Induced Accumulation of ROS and Triggers ISR
		3.11.4 Bacillus mycoides Elicits Systemic Induced Resistance by Triggering ROS Production
		3.11.5 Bacillus pumilus Triggers ROS-Mediated Induced Systemic Resistance
	3.12 Manipulation of ROS Signaling by Silicon to Activate Plant Innate Immune Responses
	3.13 Bioengineering Cysteine-Rich Receptor-Like Kinase (CRK) Genes to Activate ROS-Modulated Plant Immune Responses for Disease Management
	3.14 Bioengineering Lectin Receptor Kinase (LecRK) Genes to Activate ROS-Modulated Plant Immune Responses for Disease Management
	3.15 Engineering Peroxidase Gene to Activate ROS-Mediated Plant Immune Responses for Crop Disease Management
	3.16 Bioengineering Superoxide Dismutase to Activate ROS-Mediated Immune Signaling for Disease Management
	3.17 Engineering Glucose Oxidase Gene to Trigger ROS Production for Management of Crop Diseases
	3.18 Manipulation of NO Signaling System to Activate Plant Immune Responses for Disease Management
		3.18.1 Manipulation of S-Nitroso Glutathione Reductase (GSNOR) for Plant Disease Management
		3.18.2 Engineering Mammalian Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene for Crop Disease Management
		3.18.3 Manipulation of NO Signaling by Sodium Nitroprusside for Crop Disease Management
	References
4 Bioengineering and Molecular Manipulation of Mitogen-Activated Kinases to Activate Plant Innate Immunity for Crop Disease Management
	4.1 MAPK Signal Transduction System in Plant Innate Immunity
	4.2 Engineering Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Genes to Enhance Plant Immune Responses by Triggering Phosphorylation of Transcription Factors
	4.3 Engineering Mitogen-Activated Kinase Kinase (MAPKK) Genes to Activate ROS Signaling System for Management of Crop Diseases
	4.4 Engineering MAPK/MAPKK Genes to Activate Salicylate Signaling System for Management of Diseases
	4.5 Engineering MAPK Genes for Management of Pathogens by Activating JA Signaling System
		4.5.1 MPK4 Genes
		4.5.2 MK1 Gene from Capsicum Annuum
	4.6 Engineering MAPK Genes to Activate Salicylate-Jasmonate-Ethylene Signaling Network for Crop Disease Management
		4.6.1 MAPKs Activate Plant Hormone Signaling Network
		4.6.2 Cotton GhMPK16 Gene
		4.6.3 Cotton GhMPK2 Gene
	4.7 Molecular Manipulation of MAPK Genes Which Negatively Regulate SA Signaling System for Crop Disease Management
		4.7.1 Manipulation of Arabidopsis MPK4 Gene
		4.7.2 Manipulation of GmMPK4
		4.7.3 Manipulation of OsMPK6 Gene
	4.8 Molecular Manipulation of SIPK-WIPK Genes Expression for Crop Disease Management
	4.9 Molecular Manipulation of EDR1, a MAPKK Kinase for Plant Disease Management
	4.10 Manipulation of TIPK Gene Using Trichoderma for Crop Disease Management
	References
5 Bioengineering and Molecular Manipulation of Salicylic Acid Signaling System to Activate Plant Immune Responses for Crop Disease Management
	5.1 Salicylic Acid Signaling System Activates Local Resistance, Systemic Acquired Resistance, and Transgenerational Systemic Disease Resistance
	5.2 Bioengineering Genes to Trigger SA Biosynthesis and Accumulation for Crop Disease Management
		5.2.1 Bioengineering Genes Encoding Enzymes Involved in SA Biosynthesis
		5.2.2 Engineering SA Signaling Regulator Protein Genes Involved in SA Production for Crop Disease Management
		5.2.3 Engineering RNA-Binding Protein Gene to Activate SA Biosynthesis Pathway
		5.2.4 Engineering Calmodulin-Binding Protein Gene to Trigger SA Biosynthesis for Disease Management
		5.2.5 Engineering WRKY Transcription Factor Genes to Activate SA Biosynthesis Genes for Crop Disease Management
		5.2.6 Engineering Gene Encoding WIPK-Activated Transcription Factor to Increase Accumulation of SA for Crop Disease Management
		5.2.7 Engineering Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway Genes to Trigger SA Accumulation for Crop Disease Management
	5.3 Bioengineering NPR1 Genes for Crop Disease Management
		5.3.1 NPR1 Is a Key Component in SA-Triggered SAR
		5.3.2 Engineering Arabidopsis NPR1 Gene in Crop Plants for Disease Management
		5.3.3 Engineering NPR1-like Genes for Crop Disease Management
	5.4 Manipulation of NPR1 Gene Expression by Synthetic Chemicals to Trigger Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)
		5.4.1 Benzothiadiazole (BTH) Induces SA-Dependent SAR
		5.4.2 N-Cyanomethyl-2-Chloroisonicotinamide (NCI) Activates NPR1-Dependent Defense Responses
		5.4.3 Tiadinil (TDL) Activates NPR1 Gene to Induce SAR
		5.4.4 SV-03 Activates NPR1 Gene to Induce SAR
	5.5 Molecular Manipulation of SA Signaling System by Probenazole for Crop Disease Management
	5.6 Induction of Transgenerational SAR by BABA
	5.7 Manipulation of SA Signaling System Using Plant-Derived Products for Disease Management
		5.7.1 Azelaic Acid
		5.7.2 AHO, a Product from Strobilanthes
		5.7.3 Burdock Plant Oligosaccharide Product
	5.8 N-Acyl-L-Homoserine Lactones (AHLs)–Producing Bacteria Induce SA-Dependent Systemic Resistance
	5.9 Activation of SA-Dependent Signaling System by Rhizobacteria for Management of Crop Diseases
	5.10 Manipulation of SA Signaling System Using Yeast Elicitor for Disease Management
	References
6 Bioengineering and Molecular Manipulation of Jasmonate Signaling System to Activate Plant Immune System for Crop Disease Management
	6.1 Jasmonate Signaling System Triggers Local and Induced Systemic Resistance
	6.2 Bioengineering Genes Encoding Enzymes in JA Biosynthesis Pathway
		6.2.1 Enzymes Involved in JA Biosynthesis Pathway
		6.2.2 Engineering Lipoxygenase Genes to Develop Disease-Resistant Plants
		6.2.3 Engineering Allene Oxide Synthase Gene to Trigger JA Production for Crop Disease Management
	6.3 Manipulation of Genes Encoding Enzymes Involved in JA Biosynthesis Using Alkamide
	6.4 Molecular Manipulation of Lipoxygenase Enzyme Involved in JA Biosynthesis by Chitosan for Crop Disease Management
	6.5 Bioengineering for Production of Arachidonic Acid in Plants to Activate JA Biosynthesis Pathway Genes for Disease Management
	6.6 Manipulaion of JA-Dependent Signaling System Using Hexanoic Acid for Plant Disease Management
	6.7 Manipulation of Jasmonic Acid Signaling Pathway Using Ulvan for Crop Disease Management
	6.8 Engineering Transcription Factor Genes to Manipulate JA Signaling System for Crop Disease Management
	6.9 Manipulation of JA Signaling System Using Microbes for Crop Disease Management
		6.9.1 Trichoderma asperellum
		6.9.2 Trichoderma virens
		6.9.3 Trichoderma harzianum
		6.9.4 Pseudomonas putida BTP1
	References
7 Bioengineering and Molecular Manipulation of Ethylene Signaling System for Crop Disease Management
	7.1 Ethylene Signaling System Triggers Local and Induced Systemic Resistance
	7.2 Molecular Manipulation of Ethylene Biosynthesis Pathway for Crop Disease Management
	7.3 Engineering ERF Genes to Manipulate Ethylene Signaling System for Crop Disease Management
	7.4 Bioengineering EIN2 Gene to Activate Ethylene Signaling System for Crop Disease Management
	7.5 Molecular Manipulation of Ethylene-Dependent Signaling System Using Microbes for Crop Disease Management
		7.5.1 Rhizobacteria
		7.5.2 Trichoderma
		7.5.3 Pythium oligandrum
	References