Plant hormone signaling

Cover\r......Page 1
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 14
Preface......Page 16
1.1 Introduction......Page 22
1.2.1 Main early steps of ABA biosynthesis......Page 23
1.2.2 Epoxy-carotenoid cleavage......Page 25
1.2.4 ABA catabolism......Page 27
1.3.1 Developmental regulation......Page 28
1.3.2 Regulation in response to abiotic stresses......Page 30
1.3.3 Regulation by endogenous signals and factors......Page 31
1.4 ABA signaling in seed maturation processes: proteolysis and combinatorial protein interactions......Page 33
1.5.1 ABA recognition sites and the search for the receptors......Page 36
1.5.3 RNA metabolism......Page 38
1.5.5 Sucrose non-fermenting-related kinases......Page 40
1.6 ABA signaling in guard cells: simple movements controlled by complex mechanisms......Page 43
1.7 ABA as antagonizing signal to light in stomatal movement......Page 44
1.8 Concluding remarks......Page 45
Acknowledgements......Page 46
References......Page 47
2.2.1 Indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis......Page 58
2.2.2 IAA conjugates in plants......Page 63
2.3.1 Auxin-responsive genes......Page 67
2.3.2 Auxin response factors......Page 68
2.3.3 Regulation of auxin response by the SCF[sup(TIR1)] ubiquitin–ligase......Page 72
2.3.4 Regulation of SCF[SUP(TIR1)] activity......Page 74
2.3.5 Identification of an auxin receptor......Page 76
2.4 Conclusions and future perspectives......Page 79
References......Page 80
3.2.1 Biosynthesis......Page 88
3.2.2 Inactivation......Page 96
3.2.3 Functional aspects of BR metabolism......Page 98
3.3.1 BRI1 and BAK1......Page 101
3.3.2 BIN2 and BSU1......Page 102
3.3.4 BIM1......Page 103
3.3.5 Signaling mechanism and other putative components......Page 104
3.4.1 Metabolism......Page 105
3.4.3 Crops......Page 107
References......Page 108
4.2 Cytokinin metabolism......Page 114
4.2.1 Cytokinin biosynthesis......Page 115
4.2.2 Cytokinin interconversion and conjugation......Page 118
4.2.3 Cytokinin catabolism......Page 119
4.3.1 Cytokinin signal perception......Page 122
4.3.2 Cytokinin signal transduction......Page 126
4.4 Conclusions......Page 138
References......Page 139
5.1 Introduction......Page 146
5.2 Ethylene biosynthesis......Page 147
5.2.1 ACC synthase......Page 148
5.2.2 ACC oxidase......Page 151
5.3 Ethylene signal transduction......Page 152
5.4 A complex network......Page 158
References......Page 160
6.1 Introduction......Page 168
6.2.1 Biosynthesis of bioactive GAs......Page 169
6.2.2 GA deactivation......Page 171
6.3.1 Developmental regulation......Page 172
6.3.3 Environmental regulation......Page 175
6.4 The gibberellin signal transduction pathway......Page 178
6.4.2 DELLA proteins act as repressors of GA signaling......Page 180
6.4.3 GAs promote rapid degradation of DELLA proteins......Page 182
6.4.4 SCF[sup(SLY/GID)]-mediated degradation of DELLA proteins......Page 183
6.4.6 Additional GA-signaling components......Page 185
6.5 Downstream transcriptional events induced by GAs......Page 187
6.5.1 GAMYBs......Page 188
6.5.2 Homoeostatic regulation of GA metabolism......Page 190
6.6.1 Germinating seeds......Page 191
6.6.3 Flower initiation and development......Page 192
6.6.4 The Arabidopsis root......Page 193
6.7 Conclusions......Page 195
References......Page 197
7.1 Introduction......Page 206
7.2.2 Phytoprostanes and electrophile compounds......Page 208
7.3 The LOX pathway......Page 210
7.3.1 The LOX......Page 211
7.3.2 HPOT/HPOD: the branch point in the LOX pathway......Page 212
7.3.3 The AOS branch: jasmonate biosynthesis......Page 213
7.4.1 Mutants in JA biosynthesis......Page 220
7.4.2 Mutants in JA signaling......Page 222
7.4.3 Proteasome-mediated JA signaling......Page 224
7.5.1 Plant-microbe interactions......Page 226
7.5.2 The wound-response pathway......Page 229
7.5.3 Direct and indirect defense......Page 232
7.6.1 Seedling development and root growth......Page 234
7.6.3 Flower formation......Page 235
7.6.4 Senescence......Page 236
7.7 Concluding remarks......Page 237
References......Page 238
8.1 Introduction......Page 250
8.2.1 SA biosynthesis via the phenylpropanoid pathway......Page 251
8.2.2 SA biosynthesis through the isochorismate pathway......Page 254
8.2.4 Regulation and localization of SA biosynthesis......Page 255
8.2.5 Metabolism of SA......Page 256
8.2.6 Biosynthesis of MeSA......Page 257
8.3 Signal transduction and mode of action......Page 258
8.3.1 SA-binding sites......Page 259
8.3.2 SA and signal transduction mediated by MAP kinases......Page 260
8.3.3 SA and the central role of NPR1......Page 261
8.3.5 SA and the mobile signal......Page 264
8.3.6 SA and global gene expression......Page 265
8.4 Conclusions......Page 267
References......Page 268
9.2.1 Auxin distribution: old views and new developments......Page 278
9.2.2 Auxin biosynthesis: not restricted to the shoot anymore......Page 279
9.3.2 Polar auxin transport......Page 281
9.4 GAs: distribution and transport......Page 290
9.4.2 Vegetative tissues......Page 291
9.5 BRs: distribution and transport......Page 298
9.5.2 BR transport......Page 299
9.6 General discussion......Page 304
References......Page 305
10.2 Flowering time......Page 314
10.2.1 Gibberellins......Page 315
10.2.3 Auxins, cytokinins and ethylene......Page 316
10.2.5 Salicylic acid and the stress-activated transition to flowering......Page 317
10.3 Flower development......Page 318
10.4.1 Gibberellins......Page 320
10.4.2 Auxin......Page 321
10.4.3 Polyamines......Page 322
10.5.1 Ethylene......Page 323
10.5.3 BRs and ABA......Page 324
References......Page 325
11.2 Hormonal control of seed development......Page 332
11.2.1 Developmental and physiological phases in seed development......Page 333
11.2.2 Developmental regulators for seed development......Page 334
11.2.3 Regulators of ABA responses in the seed......Page 337
11.2.4 ABA and GA metabolism genes during seed development......Page 338
11.2.5 Regulation of balancing ABA and GA levels during seed development......Page 339
11.3.1 Regulation of GA levels in imbibed seeds......Page 340
11.3.2 Regulation of ABA levels in imbibed seeds......Page 344
11.3.3 Sites of GA biosynthesis and response in imbibed seeds......Page 345
11.3.4 GA and ABA action in the cereal aleurone......Page 348
11.3.5 Other hormones: actions of ethylene and brassinosteroids during seed germination......Page 350
References......Page 352
A......Page 360
C......Page 361
D......Page 362
F......Page 363
H......Page 364
L......Page 365
P......Page 366
R......Page 367
S......Page 368
Z......Page 369