Plant Genetic Resources, Inventory, Collection and Conservation

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1: A Checklist of Some Economically Important Philippine Ferns (Eupolypod I)
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Materials and Methodology
	1.3 Results and Discussion
	1.4 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
2: On-Farm Conservation of Traditional Rice Varieties in the Provinces of Quirino, Iloilo, Antique, and Davao Oriental, Philip...
	2.1 Introduction
		2.1.1 Securing Resources for Food and Agriculture in the Face of Insecurity
		2.1.2 In Situ On-Farm Conservation
	2.2 In Situ On-Farm Conservation of Traditional Rice Varieties
		2.2.1 Communities of TRV Conservation
		2.2.2 The Conservation Field School (CFS): Setting the Stage for On-Site Conservation
			2.2.2.1 Inventories of Traditional Rice Varieties
			2.2.2.2 Initial Assessment of Diversity
			2.2.2.3 Indications of Genetic Erosion of Traditional Rice Varieties
			2.2.2.4 On-Farm Conservation of TRVs
		2.2.3 Community-Led Design of On-Farm TRV Conservation
	2.3 Drivers of Conservation
	2.4 Policy Recommendations to Support On-Farm Conservation
	References
3: Recent Developments in Wild Rice Conservation, Research, and Use
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Current Status of Germplasm Collections
	3.3 Priority Species and Collection Gaps
	3.4 In Situ Conservation
	3.5 Genetic Diversity and Ecogeographic Studies
		3.5.1 Population Diversity
		3.5.2 Ecogeographic Populations
		3.5.3 Gene Flow
	3.6 Other Conservation-Related Research
		3.6.1 Seed Studies
		3.6.2 Molecular Authentication
		3.6.3 Tissue Culture
		3.6.4 Endophytic Microbiome
	3.7 Utilization
	References
4: GIS and Its Role in Plant Genetic Resources Use and Conservation
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Plant Genetic Resources for Food Security
	4.3 PGR Conservation: Strategies and Challenges
	4.4 GIS in PGR Conservation
	4.5 Prospects of GIS for PGR Conservation
	4.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
5: Plant Diversity of Mount Makiling Forest Reserve: Implications to Management and Conservation
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Elevational Floral Biodiversity of Mount Makiling Forest Reserve
	5.2 Bryophytes
	5.3 Ferns and Fern Allies
		5.3.1 Fern Zonation Along the Altitudinal Gradient
	5.4 Magnoliophytes
	5.5 Understory Species
	5.6 Vascular Epiphytes
		5.6.1 Economic Use
		5.6.2 Threats
		5.6.3 Way Forward
	References
6: Native/Heirloom Rice in the Cordilleras: Status, Conservation, and Utilization
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Framework of the Study
		6.2.1 Soil/Pedon
		6.2.2 Soil Nutrient Management Practices
		6.2.3 Germplasm of Traditional Rice Varieties
	6.3 Phenotypic Diversity of Traditional Rice Varieties
	6.4 Glutinous and Non-glutinous Traditional Rice Varieties
	6.5 Conservation
		6.5.1 Traditional Rice Conservation Practices
	6.6 Utilization
	6.7 Conclusion and Implications
	References
7: Identification and Conservation of Culturally Important Trees Used for Traditional Houses in Ifugao, Philippines
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Review of Related Literature
		7.2.1 Origin and History of the Ifugao Traditional House
		7.2.2 The Ifugao Traditional House
			7.2.2.1 Types of Ifugao Traditional House
			7.2.2.2 Parts of the Traditional House
		7.2.3 Wood Species Used in Ifugao Traditional Houses
		7.2.4 Sustainable Forest Management in Woodlots and Communal Forests
	7.3 Materials and Methods
		7.3.1 Study Area
		7.3.2 Identification of Wood Species
	7.4 Results and Discussion
		7.4.1 Status of Traditional Houses in Ifugao
	7.5 Identification of Wood Species Used for Ifugao Traditional Houses
	7.6 Wood Species Identification of House Components of the Traditional House
	7.7 Conservation of Trees Used for the Traditional Houses in Ifugao
	7.8 Summary and Conclusion
	References
8: Pteridophyte Diversity in the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park (PPSRNP), Palawan Island, Philippines
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Methodology
		8.2.1 Study Area
		8.2.2 Fern Flora Assessment
	8.3 Results and Discussion
		8.3.1 Notable Fern Flora
	8.4 Summary and Conclusions
	References
9: Situating Plant Genetic Resource in the K-12 Curriculum: A Critical Review
	9.1 Plant Genetic Resource in the Philippine K-12 Curriculum
	9.2 The Need for a Critical Perspective in the K-12 Curriculum
	9.3 Situating Plant Genetic Resource in the K-12 Secondary-Level Curriculum
		9.3.1 The K-12 Secondary Education
		9.3.2 Parts of the K-12 Curriculum Where PGR Is Situated
			9.3.2.1 As Part of Learning Competencies
			9.3.2.2 As Part of Content Standard and Performance Standard
			9.3.2.3 As Part of Content
			9.3.2.4 As Part of Core Area Learning Standard and Spiraling of Concepts
			9.3.2.5 As Part of Course Description
		9.3.3 Themes Wherein PGR Can Be Further Situated in the K-12 Curriculum
			9.3.3.1 Cultural
			9.3.3.2 Biodiversity
			9.3.3.3 Agriculture/Food Security
	9.4 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
10: An Inventory of Commonly Cultivated Plant Species in Permaculture Farms in the Philippines
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Materials and Methods
		10.2.1 Study Areas
		10.2.2 Data Collection
	10.3 Results and Discussion
	10.4 Conclusion
	References
11: Conservation of Musa Diversity and Germplasm Management at the National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory in the Philippi...
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Diversity of Musa Genetic Resources in the Philippines
		11.1.2 Conservation of Musa Genetic Resources in the Philippines
		11.1.3 Status of Musa Genetic Resources Conserved at NPGRL
			11.1.3.1 Conservation Strategies of Musa Accessions at NPGRL
			11.1.3.2 Genomic Composition of Musa Accessions at NPGRL
	11.2 Conclusion
	References
12: Diversity and Management of Indoor Plants at Urban Dwellings in Bangladesh: A Case Study from Halishahar of Chattogram Met...
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Materials and Methods
		12.2.1 Study Area
		12.2.2 Study Design
		12.2.3 Field Data Collection
		12.2.4 Identification of the Indoor Plants
		12.2.5 Calculating Diversity Indices
	12.3 Results and Discussion
		12.3.1 Species Composition of Indoor Plants
			12.3.1.1 Diversity of the Indoor Plant Species
			12.3.1.2 Distribution of Indoor Plant Species per Household
		12.3.2 Problems in Managing Indoor Plants
		12.3.3 Potting Media and Nutrition Supplement
	12.4 Conclusion
	References
13: Exploration, Identification, Multiplication, and Conservation of Rare Forest Genetic Resources in Chittagong University Ca...
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Materials and Methods
		13.2.1 Study Area
		13.2.2 Study Design
		13.2.3 Exploring the Status of FGR and Selection of Species
		13.2.4 Studying the Selected Species
		13.2.5 Seedling Raising
		13.2.6 Care and Maintenance of the Seedlings
		13.2.7 Conservation Stand Establishment
		13.2.8 Seedling Data Collection
		13.2.9 Data Analysis
	13.3 Results and Discussion
		13.3.1 Status of the Selected Rare Species
		13.3.2 Status of the Selected Species
		13.3.3 Growth Performance
	13.4 Conclusion
	References
14: The Chemistry of Antidiabetic Plants
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 The Past
	14.3 Current Observations
	14.4 Specific Compounds and Their Characteristics
	14.5 Alkaloids
	14.6 Flavonoids
	14.7 Terpenoids
	14.8 Conclusion
	References
15: Conservation of Medicinal Plant Genetic Resources in Southern Africa
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Botanical Description and Distribution of Plants
		15.2.1 Carpobrotus edulis
		15.2.2 Cotyledon orbiculata
		15.2.3 Tulbaghia violacea
	15.3 Ethnomedicinal Uses of the Plants
		15.3.1 Carpobrotus edulis
		15.3.2 Cotyledon orbiculata
		15.3.3 Tulbaghia violacea
	15.4 Review of the Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties of Carpobrotus edulis, Cotyledon orbiculata, and Tulbaghia vi...
		15.4.1 Carpobrotus edulis
		15.4.2 Cotyledon orbiculata
		15.4.3 Tulbaghia violacea
	15.5 Recent Findings on the Biological Activities of Carpobrotus edulis, Cotyledon orbiculata, and Tulbaghia violacea
		15.5.1 Carpobrotus edulis and Cotyledon orbiculata
		15.5.2 Tulbaghia violacea
	15.6 Conservation of Medicinal Plants
	15.7 In Situ Conservation
	15.8 Nature Reserves
	15.9 Wild Nurseries
	15.10 Ex Situ Conservation
	15.11 Botanic Gardens
	15.12 Seed Banks
	15.13 Cultivation of Medicinal Plants
	15.14 Conclusion
	References
16: Chloroplast DNA Haplotype Specific to Genetic Resources of Dalbergia oliveri in Thailand
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Materials and Methods
	16.3 Results and Discussion
	16.4 Conclusion
	References
17: Status, Conservation, and Sustainability on Medicinal Plant Resources of India
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Significant Biodiversity of India
	17.3 Promising Medicinal Plants Among Ethnic Communities
		17.3.1 Utilization of Medicinal Plants Among Traditional Medicinal Systems
			17.3.1.1 Ayurveda
			17.3.1.2 Siddha
			17.3.1.3 Unani
			17.3.1.4 Homeopathic
			17.3.1.5 Western
	17.4 Various Threats to Traditional Medicinal Plants
		17.4.1 Habitat Destruction
		17.4.2 Bioprospecting
		17.4.3 Overharvesting by Local Tribes
	17.5 Endangered Medicinal Plants and Their Therapeutic Applications
	17.6 Current Biotechnological Approaches in Conservation of Endangered Medicinal Plants
		17.6.1 In Vitro Propagation
		17.6.2 Cryopreservation
		17.6.3 Genetic Transformation
		17.6.4 Acclimatization and Adaptation to Open Field
	17.7 Alternative Medicines to Overcome Exploitation of Medicinal Plants
	17.8 Future Prospective and Challenges
	17.9 Conclusion
	References
18: Plant Genetic Resources Management in the Framework of Policy Developments
	18.1 Policy Developments and Their Implications on Germplasm Ownership and IPR
		18.1.1 Intellectual Property Rights
	18.2 National
	18.3 Registration of Genetic Resources
		18.3.1 Implications of PPVFRA
		18.3.2 Implications of CBD/BDA
		18.3.3 Implications of ITPGRFA
	18.4 Conservation
	18.5 Genomic Resource Conservation and Information
		18.5.1 National Genomic Resources Repository
		18.5.2 Promoting Genetic Resource Utilization
	18.6 Molecular Approaches
	18.7 PGR Conservation in India
	18.8 Utilization
	18.9 Safe Transboundary Movement
	18.10 Public-Private Partnerships
		18.10.1 International Scenario
		18.10.2 National Scenario
	18.11 Major Issues and Future Thrusts
	References
19: Dynamics of Agricultural Livelihoods in Peripheral Villages of a Protected Area in South India
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Materials and Methods
		19.2.1 Study Area
		19.2.2 Data Collection and Analyses
	19.3 Results
		19.3.1 Significance of Agriculture as a Means of Livelihood
		19.3.2 Cultivation in General
		19.3.3 Trends in Crop Cultivation
		19.3.4 Dominant Crops
	19.4 Discussion
	19.5 Conclusion
	References
20: Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources: A Special Reference to Dye-Yielding Plants
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Plant Genetic Resources and Their Conservation
		20.2.1 Framework of PGR Conservation Systems
		20.2.2 Different Approaches in Conservation of PGRs
	20.3 Biotechnology-Oriented Conservation Strategies
		20.3.1 Markers in Assessing Genetic Diversity
			20.3.1.1 RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) Markers
			20.3.1.2 AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) Markers
			20.3.1.3 Microsatellite Markers
			20.3.1.4 EST-SSR (Expressed Sequence Tags-Simple sequence repeats) Markers
			20.3.1.5 SRAP (Sequence related amplified Polymorphism) Markers
			20.3.1.6 Plastid-Coding Sequence Markers
			20.3.1.7 Other Markers
		20.3.2 Role of Bioinformatics in Accelerating Plant Genomic Conservation
			20.3.2.1 Gene Banks
		20.3.3 In Vitro Propagation for Conservation of PGRs
			20.3.3.1 Elicitation for Pigment Production
	20.4 Metabolic Engineering Strategies in Germplasm Conservation
		20.4.1 Synthetic Seed for Germplasm Storage
	20.5 Other Conventional Approaches
	20.6 Case Studies
		20.6.1 Bai People and Their Traditional Dyeing Knowledge
		20.6.2 Dong Community and Dye-Synthesizing Plants
		20.6.3 Case of Central Himachal Pradesh
	20.7 Conclusion and Perspectives
	References
21: Perception of Advanced Techniques in Conservation and Utilization of Wild Genetic Resources of Rice
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 The Concept of the Gene Pool
		21.2.1 Primary Gene Pool
		21.2.2 Secondary Gene Pool
		21.2.3 Tertiary Gene Pool
		21.2.4 Gene Pool Classification of Genus Oryza
		21.2.5 Rice Genetic Resources in Sri Lanka
	21.3 Genomics of Crop Wild Relatives of Rice
		21.3.1 Model Plant Genome Sequencing and Their Crop Wild Relatives
		21.3.2 Nuclear Genome Resequencing of Crop Wild Relatives
		21.3.3 Sequencing Crop Wild Relatives That Contribute to Polyploid Genomes
		21.3.4 Chloroplast Sequencing of Crop Wild Relatives
		21.3.5 Sequencing the Transcriptomes of Crop Wild Relatives
	21.4 Allele Mining in Rice
		21.4.1 EcoTilling
		21.4.2 Sequencing-Based Allele Mining
	21.5 A Potential Avenue for Utilization of Genetic Resources of Rice
	21.6 Trait Improvement
	21.7 Utilization of CWRs in Crop Improvement for Plant Stresses
		21.7.1 Abiotic Resistance of Rice
		21.7.2 Biotic Resistance of Rice
	21.8 Conservation of Wild Genetic Resources
		21.8.1 Ex Situ Conservation
		21.8.2 In Situ Conservation
		21.8.3 On-Farm Conservation
	21.9 Future Perspectives
	References
22: Conservation and Determination of Nutritional Composition of Mondia whitei In Vitro
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Materials and Methods
		22.2.1 Micropropagation from Stored Synthetic Seeds
		22.2.2 Acclimatization
		22.2.3 Nutritional Evaluation
		22.2.4 Statistical Analysis
	22.3 Results
		22.3.1 Production of Adventitious Shoots
		22.3.2 Rooting of Shoots and Acclimatization
		22.3.3 Nutritional Composition in Regenerated Shoots of M. whitei
	22.4 Discussion
	22.5 Conclusions
	References
23: Social Benefits, Development, and the Pertinence of Laws: The Case of Commercialization of Plant Genetic Resources in the ...
	23.1 Introduction to PGR in India
	23.2 Social Benefits of PGR
	23.3 Case Studies: I
		23.3.1 Access and Benefit Sharing
	23.4 Case Study: II
	23.5 Case Studies: III
		23.5.1 Nagoya Protocol
	23.6 Case Studies: IV (NBA 2012)
	23.7 Challenges in ABS
	23.8 Scope of Development
	23.9 Conclusion
	References