PLANT DEFENCE biological control.

Preface to Second Edition
Preface to First Edition
Contents
Part I: Biology of Plant Defence
	Chapter 1: Biological and Molecular Control Tools in Plant Defense
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Basal Plant Defenses Against Arthropods and Pathogens
			1.2.1 Pathogen Perception by Plants and Defense Induction
			1.2.2 Herbivore Perception by Plants and Defense Induction
		1.3 Plant Defense Priming
			1.3.1 Mechanisms Regulating the Priming Phase
			1.3.2 Mechanisms Regulating Post-Challenge Primed State: Internal and External Strategies
			1.3.3 Transgenerational Priming State
			1.3.4 Induced Indirect Resistance
		1.4 RNA Interference in Plant Defense
		1.5 Exploiting Biological and Molecular Tools in Plant Defense
			1.5.1 RNA-based Strategies Against Viruses, Viroids, Fungi and Insects
			1.5.2 Priming-based Biological Control and Induced Resistance: Applied Aspects
			1.5.3 Priming Induced by Beneficial Organisms
			1.5.4 Chemical Priming
		1.6 Endophytic Fungi in Plant Defense
			1.6.1 Endophytic Fungi Mediating ISR
			1.6.2 Endophytic Entomopathogenic Fungi as Biocontrol Agents
		1.7 Aspects of Commercial Application
		1.8 Conclusions & Future Considerations
		References
	Chapter 2: Specialized Metabolites and Plant Defence
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Secondary Metabolites and Defence
		2.3 Phenolics and Disease Resistance
			2.3.1 Isoflavones
			2.3.2 Stilbenes
			2.3.3 Mechanism of Action of Secondary Metabolites
		2.4 Elicitation
		2.5 In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
			2.5.1 Abiotic Elicitors
				2.5.1.1 Jasmonic Acid
				2.5.1.2 Ethephon
				2.5.1.3 Salicylic Acid
				2.5.1.4 UV Light
				2.5.1.5 Cyclodextrins
				2.5.1.6 Phosphites
				2.5.1.7 Pulsed Electric Field and Ultrasound
			2.5.2 Biotic Elicitors
				2.5.2.1 Chitosan
				2.5.2.2 Laminarin
				2.5.2.3 Yeast Extract
		2.6 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 3: Sources of Variation in Defensive Traits in Quercus Species: Insights Gained from Research Spanning Individuals to Communities and Local- to Broad-Scale Factors
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Local and Landscape-Level Sources of Variation in Oak Defences
			3.2.1 Individual- and Population-Level Variation
				3.2.1.1 Plant Genetic Variation
				3.2.1.2 Environmental-Based Variation and Plant Plasticity
				3.2.1.3 Plant Ontogenetic Variation
			3.2.2 Plant Community-Level Variation
				3.2.2.1 Plant Neighbourhood Effects
				3.2.2.2 Landscape-Level Variation
		3.3 Broader-Scale Sources of Variation in Oak Defences
			3.3.1 Regional to Global Patterns
				3.3.1.1 Latitudinal and Elevational Gradients
				3.3.1.2 Continental-Scale Patterns
				3.3.1.3 Effects of Insularity
				3.3.1.4 Effects of Urbanization
			3.3.2 Phylogenetic Patterns
		3.4 Linkages Across Scales: Oaks as Model System
		References
	Chapter 4: Glycans as Plant Defense Priming Agents Against Filamentous Pathogens
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Simple Sugars
			4.2.1 Glucose, Sucrose and Associated Metabolites
			4.2.2 Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides
			4.2.3 Polyols
		4.3 Oligosaccharides
			4.3.1 β-Glucans
			4.3.2 Cellodextrins
			4.3.3 Chitin and Chitin Derivatives
			4.3.4 Alginate and Fucans
		4.4 Glycoconjugates
			4.4.1 Glycoproteins and Lectins
			4.4.2 Glycolipids
		4.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 5: Biological Control and Need of a Strategic Shift in Plant Disease Management
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Biocontrol of Airborne Diseases
		5.3 Biocontrol of Soil Borne Disease
			5.3.1 Soil Solarization
			5.3.2 Trichoderma – An Environment-Friendly Biocontrol Agent
			5.3.3 Description and Natural Habitats
			5.3.4 Species
			5.3.5 Cultural Features
			5.3.6 Microscopic Features
			5.3.7 Pathogen Interaction
		5.4 Compost
		5.5 Induced Resistance
		5.6 Cross-Protection
		5.7 Competition
		5.8 Antibiosis
		5.9 Mycoparasitism
		5.10 Control of Insect Pest
		5.11 Fungal Metabolites
		5.12 Mycorrhizal
		5.13 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Use of Natural Compounds
	Chapter 6: Potential Use of Polyphenolic Compounds Obtained from Olive Mill Waste Waters on Plant Pathogens and Plant Parasitic Nematodes
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Polyphenolic Compounds Obtained from Olive Mill Waste Water
			6.2.1 Olive Tree
			6.2.2 Olive Oil Phenols
			6.2.3 Bioactive Compounds Contained in Olive Mill Waste Water
			6.2.4 Utilization of OMWW
		6.3 Methods and Technologies Obtained Polyphenolic Compounds from OMWW
		6.4 Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Polyphenolic Compounds of OMWW on Human Health as Food Additive
			6.4.1 Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenolic Compounds of OMWW
			6.4.2 Antimicrobial and Antiviral Activity
			6.4.3 Use as Natural Antioxidant in Food
		6.5 Biological Control of Plant Diseases
		6.6 Use of Polyphenolic Compounds from OMWW Against Fungal Plant Pathogens
		6.7 Use of Polyphenolic Compounds from OMWW Against Bacterial Plant Pathogens
		6.8 Use of Polyphenolic Compounds from OMWW Against Plant Parasitic Nematodes
		6.9 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 7: Alternatives to Synthetic Fungicides Using Small Molecules of Natural Origin
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Acetaldehyde
		7.3 Acetic Acid
		7.4 Aldehydes (Other than Acetaldehyde)
		7.5 Aminobutyric Acids
		7.6 Ascorbic Acid
		7.7 Ethanol
		7.8 Ethylene
		7.9 Jasmonic Acid and Methyl Jasmonate
		7.10 Salicylic Acid and Methyl Salicylate
		7.11 Salts (e.g. Sodium Bicarbonate, Calcium Chloride, Copper Sulfate)
		7.12 Sorbic Acid
		7.13 Sulphur
		7.14 Combinations
		References
	Chapter 8: By-Products from Pine: A Prospective Tool for Pest Biocontrol
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 By-Products from Pine
			8.2.1 Pine by-Products from Forest Industry
			8.2.2 Pine Waste from Natural Biological Process
		8.3 Chemical Compositions of Pine by-Products
			8.3.1 Pine Knotwood
			8.3.2 Pine Bark
			8.3.3 Pine Needle
			8.3.4 Pine Cone
		8.4 Biocontrol by Pine by-Products
			8.4.1 Antifungal Activities
			8.4.2 Anti-oomycete Activities
			8.4.3 Insecticide Activities
		8.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 9: Stilbenoid-Enriched Grape Cane Extracts for the Biocontrol of Grapevine Diseases
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Grape Canes Represent a Valuable Biomass for Stilbenoid Sourcing
		9.3 Metabolomic Profiling of Grape Cane Extracts Highlights an Original Set of Biomolecules
		9.4 Preparation of Raw Biomass and Polyphenol Extraction
			9.4.1 Storage Period
			9.4.2 Grinding Process
			9.4.3 Extraction Using Maceration
			9.4.4 Ultrasound Assisted Extraction
			9.4.5 Microwave Assisted Extraction
			9.4.6 Pulsed Electric Field
			9.4.7 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
		9.5 Biocontrol Activities of Grapecane Extracts Towards Several Major Grapevine Diseases
			9.5.1 Downy Mildew
			9.5.2 Powdery Mildew
			9.5.3 Gray Mold
			9.5.4 Grapevine Trunk Diseases
		9.6 Understanding the Variation in Composition of Grape Canes
			9.6.1 Towards Less Quantification Bias
			9.6.2 Screening of Grapevine Varietal Diversity
		9.7 Conclusions
		References
Part III: Use of Biological Agents
	Chapter 10: Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases by Microbial Antagonists
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Mechanisms of Action of Biocontrol Agents
			10.2.1 Antibiosis
			10.2.2 Competition for Nutrients and Space
			10.2.3 Induced Resistance
			10.2.4 Parasitism
		10.3 Use of Biocontrol Agents Combined with Physical, Chemical and Natural Treatments to Control Postharvest Diseases
			10.3.1 Biocontrol Agents and the Main Postharvest Physical Treatments
			10.3.2 Biocontrol Agents Combined with Defense Elicitors and Natural Products
		10.4 Formulation of Biocontrol Agents
		10.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 11: Sorghum Allelopathy for Sustainable Weed Management
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Application of Allelopathy as a One of the Methods for Biological Weed Control: Perspective and Challenges
		11.3 Allelopathic Effect of Living Sorghum and It’s Residues on Weeds Cultivation and Succeeding Crops
			11.3.1 Sorghum in Crop Rotation
			11.3.2 Crop Mixtures and Intercropping
			11.3.3 Sorghum as a Cover, Smother and Catch Crop
		11.4 Effect of Sorghum Allelochemicals on Weeds
			11.4.1 Allelochemicals in Aboveground Sorghum Parts as a Source of Sorgaab
			11.4.2 Sorgoleone – The Main Sorghum Allelochemical as a Bioherbicide
				11.4.2.1 Herbicidal Activity
				11.4.2.2 Mechanisms of Action
		11.5 The Area of Future Research
		11.6 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 12: The Fungal Genus Chaetomium and Its Agricultural Applications
		12.1 Introduction
			12.1.1 Chaetomium Biology and Taxonomy
			12.1.2 Metabolites
		12.2 Chaetomium in Agriculture
			12.2.1 Biological Control Agent
			12.2.2 Metabolites
			12.2.3 Plant Growth Promotion
			12.2.4 Production of Chaetomium Enzymes
				12.2.4.1 Xylanases
				12.2.4.2 Glucanases, Cellulases and Chitinases Enzymes
				12.2.4.3 Proteases and Heat Shock Proteins
				12.2.4.4 MAP Kinases
				12.2.4.5 Phosphatases and Phytases
		12.3 Current Status in Argentina
		12.4 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 13: Fusaria Strains as Biocontrol Agents: The Case of Strain Fo47 and Verticillium dahliae
		13.1 Introduction: Verticillium dahliae, the Pathogen, the Disease and Its Management
			13.1.1 Verticillium dahliae Kleb
			13.1.2 Current Control Strategies of Verticillium Wilt
		13.2 Biological Control of Verticillium Wilt: An Overview
		13.3 Mode of Action of BCAs (Direct and Indirect)
			13.3.1 Direct Antagonistic Interactions: Competition, Antibiosis and Parasitism
			13.3.2 Indirect Interactions: Induction of Responses in the Plant
			13.3.3 The BCA Responds to the Presence of the Pathogen
			13.3.4 The BCA Inhibits Plant Responses Necessary for the Pathogen
			13.3.5 The BCA Responds to the Presence of the Plant
		13.4 Fusaria Strains as BCAs
		13.5 Fusarium oxysporum Fo47 as a BCA of Verticillium Wilt
			13.5.1 Biological Fitness of Fo47
			13.5.2 Induced Resistance: Fo47-Induced Resistance
			13.5.3 How Does Fo47 Produce FIR?
		13.6 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 14: Fungi as Biological Control Agents of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Nematophagous Fungi
			14.2.1 Nematode-Trapping Fungi
				14.2.1.1 Introduction
				14.2.1.2 Taxonomy
				14.2.1.3 Ecology
				14.2.1.4 Mode of Action
			14.2.2 Endoparasitic Fungi
				14.2.2.1 Introduction
				14.2.2.2 Taxonomy
				14.2.2.3 Ecology
				14.2.2.4 Mode of Action
			14.2.3 Egg- and Female-Parasitic Fungi
				14.2.3.1 Introduction
				14.2.3.2 Taxonomy
				14.2.3.3 Ecology
				14.2.3.4 Mode of Action
			14.2.4 Toxin-Producing Fungi
				14.2.4.1 Introduction
		14.3 Endophytic Fungi
		References
	Chapter 15: Control of Pepper Powdery Mildew Using Antagonistic Microorganisms: An Integral Proposal
		15.1 Introduction
			15.1.1 Pepper Crop
			15.1.2 Pepper Powdery Mildew
		15.2 Current Methods for Powdery Mildew Control
			15.2.1 Problems Associated to Chemical Control
			15.2.2 Biocontrol Alternative
		15.3 Fungi as Biocontrol Agent of Powdery Mildews
			15.3.1 Ampelomyces quisqualis
			15.3.2 Trichoderma spp.
			15.3.3 Mycoparasitism
			15.3.4 Antibiosis
			15.3.5 Competition for Space or Nutrients
			15.3.6 Induction of Resistance in Plants
			15.3.7 Inducing System-Wide Changes in Plants
			15.3.8 Other Powdery Mildew Antagonistic Fungi
		15.4 Bacteria as Biocontrol Agent
			15.4.1 Bacillus spp.
			15.4.2 Pseudomonas spp.
			15.4.3 Other Bacteria
		15.5 Biocontrol and the Phyllosphere Microbiome
		15.6 Biocontrol Inside the Integrated Diseases Management
		15.7 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 16: Molecular Mechanisms of the Interactions Between Nematodes and Nematophagous Microorganisms
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Introduction of Nematophagous Microorganisms
			16.2.1 Nematophagous Fungi
		16.3 Nematophagous Bacteria
		16.4 Molecular Mechanisms of Nematophagous Fungi
			16.4.1 Attraction and Recognition
			16.4.2 Adhesive Proteins
			16.4.3 Extracellular Enzymes Involved in Pathogenesis
			16.4.4 Trap Formation
		16.5 Nematode Response to Pathogen Attack
			16.5.1 Physical Barriers and Avoidance Behavior
			16.5.2 Innate Immune Responses
		16.6 Conclusions
		References
Part IV: Market and Commercialization
	Chapter 17: Trends for Commercialization of Biocontrol Agents (Biopesticide)
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Biocontrol Agents (BCAs) or Biopesticides: A Concept in Evolution
		17.3 The Development of Biocontrol Agents during the Two Last Decades
			17.3.1 Micro-organisms
			17.3.2 Macro-organisms
			17.3.3 Semiochemicals
			17.3.4 Botanicals and Natural Products
				17.3.4.1 Botanicals in Formulations
				17.3.4.2 Plant Extracts and Allelochemicals Enhancing Inducted Resistance
		17.4 BCAs (Biopesticide) Market Outlook
			17.4.1 A Strong Increase Since the Last Decade
			17.4.2 Key Points for Developing BCAs
		17.5 Recent Lessons Through a Case Study
			17.5.1 A New Law for Developing BCAs
			17.5.2 Biocontrol Market: A Dazzling Development for the Last 4 Years
			17.5.3 Clues for Developing Biocontrol Products
		References
Index