Plant Cell Separation and Adhesion (Annual Plant Reviews, Volume 25)

Plant Cell Separation and Adhesion......Page 1
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 13
Preface......Page 15
1.1 Introduction......Page 17
1.2 Cell separation processes......Page 18
1.3 Cell adhesion processes......Page 19
1.4 Manipulation of cell separation and adhesion in crop plants......Page 20
References......Page 21
2.1 Introduction......Page 24
2.2.1 Cellulose......Page 25
2.2.3 Hemicelluloses......Page 28
2.2.3.1 Xyloglucan......Page 30
2.2.3.3 Galacto(gluco)mannan......Page 32
2.2.4 Pectic polymers......Page 33
2.2.4.1 Homogalacturonans......Page 35
2.2.4.3 Rhamnogalacturonan II......Page 36
2.2.5 Cell wall structural proteins......Page 38
2.4.1 Cellulose deposition and orientation......Page 39
2.4.2.1 Expansins......Page 41
2.4.2.2 Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases......Page 42
2.4.3 Pectins involved in cell wall structure and intercellular adhesion......Page 43
References......Page 44
3.1 TE differentiation as a model of cell–cell connection......Page 56
3.2 Early processes induced by cell separation......Page 57
3.3.1 Auxin......Page 59
3.3.2 Plant sterols......Page 60
3.4 Effects of tissue organization on cell differentiation......Page 61
3.5.1 Cellulose......Page 62
3.5.2 Hemicellulose......Page 63
3.5.3 Pectin......Page 64
3.5.4 Lignin......Page 65
3.5.5 Cell wall component proteins......Page 66
3.6 The degradation of TE primary cell walls and pore formation......Page 67
3.7 Co-regulation of cell wall degradation and PCD......Page 71
3.8 Conclusion......Page 74
References......Page 75
4.1 Introduction......Page 85
4.2.1 Pollen mother cell and tetrad walls......Page 87
4.2.2 Microspore separation......Page 88
4.3.1 Adhesion of pollen grain......Page 89
4.3.2 Pollen tube emergence and guidance on the stigma......Page 92
4.4.1.1 Pollen and pistil AGPs......Page 93
4.4.1.2 Pex, pollen-specific leucine-rich repeat extensin chimeras......Page 94
4.4.2.2 Cys-rich protein’s interaction with pollen LRR receptor kinases......Page 95
4.5.1 Cell wall modifying proteins from pollen......Page 97
4.6 Pollen tube adhesion, interaction and guidance in the ovary......Page 98
4.6.2 Pollen tubeguidance by gametophytic cells......Page 99
4.7 Conclusions and perspectives......Page 100
References......Page 101
5.1 Introduction: cell wall solubilization by microbial enzymes: a framework for understanding cell wall solubilization by plant enzymes......Page 107
5.2 Cell wall solubilization in plants: border cell separation in legumes as a model......Page 109
5.2.1 Border cell separation......Page 110
5.2.3 Pectinmethylesterase and border cell separation......Page 111
5.3 Other mechanisms of cap turnover......Page 114
5.4.1 Evidence for the involvement of PME......Page 116
5.4.3 Evidence for involvement of pectate lyase......Page 117
References......Page 118
6.1 Introduction......Page 122
6.2.1 BLADE ON PETIOLE1 and 2 establish lateral organ polarity......Page 127
6.2.2 SEEDSTICK promotes proper development of the seed stalk......Page 129
6.2.3 JOINTLESS is essential for differentiation of the pedicel abscission zone......Page 130
6.3 Communication involved in cell separation......Page 131
6.3.1 Involvement of the ethylene-signaling pathway......Page 132
6.3.1.2 The NEVER-RIPE ethylene receptor promotes abscission in tomato......Page 133
6.3.1.4 ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE2, a transmembrane protein of unknown function, is required for the proper timing of abscission......Page 134
6.3.2.1 INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION encodes a putative signaling ligand essential for abscission......Page 135
6.3.2.2 HAESA, a receptor-like kinase, may perceive an abscission signal......Page 136
6.3.2.4 ACTIN-RELATED PROTEINS may globally regulate transcription during senescence and abscission......Page 137
6.3.2.5 Transcriptional activity of AGAMOUS-LIKE 15 inhibits senescence and abscission......Page 138
6.3.3.1 AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS regulate the timing of abscission......Page 139
6.3.3.2 G-protein signaling promotes ethylene biosynthesis and abscission of citrus leaves......Page 140
6.4.1.1 Endo-B-1,4-glucanases......Page 141
6.4.1.2 Polygalacturonases......Page 142
6.4.2.1 Expansins positioned to affect cell wall loosening during abscission......Page 144
6.5 Discussion and future directions......Page 145
References......Page 146
7.1 Introduction......Page 153
7.2 Shatter resistance......Page 154
7.3.1 Brassicaceae fruit morphology......Page 156
7.3.2 Fabaceae fruit morphology......Page 158
7.4 Cell wall dissolution and its hormonal regulation......Page 159
7.5.1 The FRUITFULL gene......Page 163
7.5.4 The ALCATRAZ gene......Page 164
7.6 Genetic interactions during Arabidopsis fruit development......Page 165
7.7 Anther dehiscence......Page 168
7.8 Prospects for engineering shatter resistance......Page 169
Acknowledgments......Page 174
References......Page 175
8.2.2 Fruit development......Page 180
8.2.3 Fleshy fruit ripening......Page 181
8.3.1 Ethylene-regulated ripening......Page 182
8.3.3 Signalling......Page 183
8.3.5 Developmental mutants......Page 184
8.4.2 Ripening-induced cell wall modifications......Page 186
8.5.1 Pectin and pectinases......Page 187
8.5.1.2 Pectin methyl esterases......Page 188
8.5.1.4 B-galactosidase/arabinosidases......Page 189
8.5.3 Expansins......Page 190
8.6 Colourless non-ripening mutant: a model to study fruit ripening cell wall modifications......Page 191
References......Page 192
9.1 Introduction......Page 199
9.2 The location of intercellular cross-links within the wall......Page 201
9.2.1.1 Intercellular space formation......Page 202
9.2.1.2 Studies of the cell surface after cell separation......Page 203
9.2.1.4 Mathematical modelling......Page 204
9.2.3 Role of secondary thickening in cell adhesion......Page 205
9.3.1.1 Evidence for the involvement of pectic polymers in cell adhesion......Page 206
9.3.1.2 Nature of pectic polymers and their cross-links......Page 207
9.3.2.1 Pectin biosynthesis......Page 209
9.3.2.3 Possible mechanisms for the generation of specific patterns of pectin methylation at the edges of cell faces......Page 210
9.3.3 Phenolics in the primary wall and middle lamella......Page 211
9.3.3.2 Asparagus......Page 212
9.3.3.3 Sugar beet......Page 214
9.3.5 The Hard-To-Cook defect......Page 215
References......Page 216
Index......Page 221