Plant Biochemistry

Front Cover......Page 1
Plant Biochemistry......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 10
Preface......Page 12
1.1 Introduction......Page 14
1.2 Comparative biochemistry......Page 16
1.3 The eukaryotic plant cell......Page 18
1.4 Techniques of cell fractionation......Page 37
1.5 Molecular aspects......Page 44
Further reading......Page 60
2.2 Light energy utilization to produce ATP and NADPH......Page 62
2.3 The Benson-Calvin cycle......Page 97
2.4 Photorespiration......Page 103
2.5 C4 photosynthesis......Page 106
2.6 Crassulacean acid metabolism......Page 113
Further reading......Page 115
Other reference......Page 117
3.2 Glycolysis......Page 124
3.3 Pentose phosphate pathway......Page 129
3.4 The citric acid cycle......Page 134
3.5 Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation......Page 139
References and further reading......Page 153
4.2 Sucrose......Page 156
4.3. a,a-Trehalose......Page 171
4.4 Other oligosaccharides......Page 174
4.5 Fructans......Page 182
4.6 Starch......Page 190
4.7 Other reserve polysaccharides......Page 204
References......Page 208
Further reading......Page 216
5.2 The plant cell wall or extracellular matrix......Page 218
5.3 Structures and interactions of plant cell wall polysaccharides......Page 222
5.4 Supramolecular interactions of structural polysaccharides in cell walls......Page 231
5.5 Biosynthesis of structural polysaccharides......Page 236
5.6 Metabolic turnover of structural components......Page 244
5.7 Conclusions......Page 247
References......Page 248
6.1 The chemistry of plant lipids......Page 250
6.2 Fatty acid biosynthesis......Page 257
6.3 Triacylglycerol synthesis......Page 261
6.4 Membrane lipid biogenesis......Page 263
6.5 Lipid catabolism and turnover......Page 267
6.6 Cutins, suberins and waxes......Page 273
6.7 Plant membranes......Page 276
Further reading......Page 284
7.2 Nitrogen fixation......Page 286
7.3 Nitrate uptake and reduction......Page 294
7.4 Ammonia assimilation......Page 298
7.5 Asparagine metabolism......Page 303
7.6 Aminotransferases......Page 305
7.7 The aspartate family......Page 306
7.8 The branched chain amino acids......Page 313
7.9 The biosynthesis of proline and arginine......Page 315
7.10 Sulfur amino acids......Page 318
References......Page 319
8.1 Introduction......Page 328
8.2 DNA......Page 331
8.3 RNA......Page 337
8.4 Proteins......Page 351
8.5 Summary......Page 362
References......Page 363
9.2 Nuclear genes......Page 366
9.3 Organellar genes......Page 380
9.4 Signaling mechanisms in gene regulation......Page 383
9.5 Gene regulation in plant development......Page 385
9.6 Transgenic plants......Page 389
Further reading......Page 394
10.1 Introduction......Page 400
10.2 Shikimate/arogenate pathway......Page 403
10.3 Phenylalanine/hydroxycinnamate pathway......Page 406
10.4 Phenylpropanoid pathways......Page 408
10.5 Hydroxycinnamate conjugates......Page 410
10.6 Hydroxycoumarins......Page 411
10.7 Hydroxybenzoates......Page 412
10.8 Flavonoids......Page 413
10.9 Lignins......Page 421
10.10 Lignans and Neolignans......Page 422
10.11 Tannins......Page 423
10.12 Quinones......Page 426
References......Page 429
11.2 Nomenclature, classification and occurrence......Page 430
11.3 General pathway of terpenoid biosynthesis......Page 431
11.4 Monoterpenoids......Page 432
11.5 Sesquiterpenoids......Page 434
11.6 Diterpenoids......Page 436
11.7 Triterpenoids......Page 438
11.8 Carotenoids......Page 440
11.10 Minor classes of terpenoids......Page 445
11.11 Control and compartmentation of isoprenoid biosynthesis......Page 446
References......Page 447
12.1 Introduction......Page 452
12.2 Non-protein amino acids......Page 453
12.3 Amines......Page 456
12.4 Cyanogenic glycosides and glucosinolates......Page 466
12.5 Alkaloids......Page 471
12.6 Auxins, cytokinins and ethylene......Page 484
12.7 Nitrogen bases and cofactors......Page 487
References......Page 498
13.1 Introduction......Page 500
13.2 Genetics of host/pathogen interactions......Page 502
13.3 Mechanisms of pathogenicity: penetration and spread......Page 504
13.4 Mechanisms of plant resistance......Page 508
Further reading......Page 515
14.2 Plant responses to the environment......Page 516
14.3 Plant response to herbivory: toxin production......Page 519
14.4 Constitutive defense mechanisms......Page 521
14.5 Induced phytochemical response to herbivory......Page 525
References......Page 528
15.1 Introduction......Page 530
15.2 Plant cell culture......Page 531
15.3 Micropropagation......Page 535
15.4 Commercial exploitation of plant biotechnology......Page 537
Further reading......Page 542
Index......Page 544
Color Plate Section......Page 568