Plant Bioactive Molecules

Table of Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 13
UNIT I: Biodiversity and the Sites of Synthesis, Functional roles, Phytochemistry and Chemotaxonomy of Bioactive Plant Molecules......Page 16
1.1. Biodiversity......Page 17
1.1.1. Distribution of Biodiversity......Page 20
1.1.2. Actions to Sustain Biodiversity......Page 21
1.2. Sustainability......Page 29
1.2.1. Mineral Nutrition and Soil......Page 33
1.2.2. Pests and Pathogens......Page 34
1.2.3. Biotechnology and Sustainability......Page 35
1.2.4. Extraction of Phytochemicals......Page 39
1.2.5. Toward what future?......Page 40
1.3. Quantifying Biodiversity......Page 41
1.4.1. Taxonomy......Page 43
1.4.3. Character......Page 44
1.4.4. Data Analysis......Page 45
Suggested Reading......Page 48
2.1. Secretion......Page 50
2.2. Glandular Trichomes......Page 53
2.2.1. Glandular Trichomes of the Lamiaceae Family......Page 55
2.2.2. Glandular Trichomes of the Asteraceae Family......Page 61
2.2.3. Glandular Trichomes of the Geraniaceae F......Page 62
2.2.4. Glandular Trichomes of the Moraceae Family......Page 64
2.2.5. Glandular Trichomes of the Cannabaceae Family......Page 65
2.2.6. Glandular Trichomes of the Solanaceae Family......Page 66
2.3. Secretory Cavities and Resin Ducts......Page 68
2.4. Lysigenous Cavities......Page 70
2.5. Oil-bearing Cells and Secretory Cells associated with Bacteria......Page 72
2.6. Laticifers......Page 74
Suggested Reading......Page 76
3.1. Primary and Secondary Metabolites......Page 81
3.2. Phenotypic Plasticity......Page 85
3.2.1. Chemical Defence in Prehistory......Page 87
3.2.2. Chemical Ecology......Page 88
3.2.3. Coevolution......Page 89
3.2.4. Constitutive Chemical Defence......Page 96
3.2.5. Induced Chemical Defence......Page 99
3.2.6. Theories on Defence from Herbivores......Page 117
3.2.7. Allelopathy......Page 120
3.2.8. Chemical Defence from Microorganisms......Page 126
3.3.1. Plant Defence from Ultraviolet Radiation......Page 129
Suggested Reading......Page 130
Chapter Four......Page 140
4.1. Dietary and Food Supplements......Page 141
4.1.1. Functional Foods......Page 143
4.2. Plant Bioactive Molecules and the Treatment of Diseases......Page 147
4.2.1. Interaction between Bioactive Plant Molecules and Drugs......Page 149
4.2.2. Herbal Regulatory......Page 167
4.2.3. Ethnofarmacognosy......Page 172
4.3.1. Effect on Cell Division......Page 173
4.3.2. Effect of Plant Bioactive Molecules on Cell Membranes, Channels and Receptors......Page 0
4.3.3. Immunomodulatory Effect of Plant Bioactive Molecules......Page 190
4.3.4. Toxic Effect of Plant Bioactive Molecules......Page 194
4.3.5. Plant Bioactive Molecules against Uropatogenic Escherichia Coli......Page 210
4.3.6. Plant Bioactive Molecules for Brain and Mental Disorders......Page 212
Suggested Reading......Page 215
5.1. Overview on Chemotaxonomy......Page 224
5.2. Chemotaxonomy of Phenolic Compounds......Page 225
5.2.1. Asteraceae......Page 226
5.2.2. Lamiaceae......Page 227
5.2.3. Leguminosae......Page 228
5.2.4. Other Plant Families......Page 229
5.3.1 Monoterpenes......Page 231
5.3.2. Sesquiterpenes......Page 233
5.3.3. Diterpenes......Page 236
5.3.4. Triterpenes......Page 237
5.3.5. Tetraterpenes......Page 239
5.4.1. Alkaloids......Page 241
5.4.3. Cyanogenic Glycosides......Page 244
5.5. Chemotaxonomic Significance of Fatty Acids......Page 245
5.7. Correlation between Micromolecular and Macromolecular Data......Page 248
5.7.1. Using the 5S-Rrna Gene for the DNA Fingerprinting of Plants Producing Bioactive Molecules......Page 249
Suggested Reading......Page 256
Unit II: Biochemistry of Bioactive Plant Molecules......Page 266
6.1.1. The Shikimate Pathway and the Biosynthesis of Chorismate......Page 267
6.1.2. Aromatic Amino Acid Biosynthesis......Page 269
6.1.3. Phenylpropanoid and Lignin Biosynthesis......Page 271
6.1.4. Other Chorismate Derivatives......Page 274
6.1.5. Benzoic Acid Derivatives......Page 275
6.1.6. Coumarins and Furanocoumarins......Page 277
6.1.7. Biosynthesis of Stilbenes......Page 280
6.2. The Biosynthesis of Complex Phenolics......Page 281
6.2.1. The Biosynthesis of Flavonoids......Page 282
6.3. Polymeric phenolic compounds......Page 284
6.3.1. The Biosynthesis of Hydrolysable Tannins......Page 285
6.3.2. The Biosynthesis of Condensed Tannins......Page 286
Suggested Reading......Page 288
7.1. Two Biosynthetic Pathways produce all Plant Terpenoids......Page 290
7.1.1. The Mevalonic Acid Pathway......Page 291
7.1.2. The Methylerythritol 4-Phosphate Pathway......Page 292
7.1.3. Comparing the Two Pathways......Page 293
7.2. Hemiterpenes......Page 294
7.3. Monoterpenes......Page 295
7.4. Sesquiterpenes......Page 298
7.5. Diterpenes......Page 302
7.7. Triterpenes......Page 305
7.7.1. Ecdysteroids......Page 307
7.7.2. Saponins......Page 308
7.7.3. Limonoids......Page 310
7.7.5. Cardenolides and Bufadienolides......Page 311
7.9. Tetraterpenes......Page 313
7.9.1. Carotenoids......Page 314
Suggested Reading......Page 319
8.1. Biosynthesis of Oxylipins......Page 323
8.2. Biosynthesis of Green Leaf Volatiles (Glvs)......Page 324
8.2.3. Biochemical Pathway to GLV Production......Page 325
8.3. Biochemical Pathway to Jasmonates......Page 329
Suggested Reading......Page 331
9.1. Biosynthesis and Catabolism of Cyanogenic Glycosides......Page 334
9.2. Biosynthesis and Catabolism of Glucosinolates......Page 336
9.3. Biosynthesis of Alkaloids......Page 339
9.3.1. Biosynthesis of Piperidine Alkaloids......Page 340
9.3.2. Biosynthesis of Tropane Alkaloids......Page 341
9.3.3. Biosynthesis of Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids......Page 344
9.3.4. Biosynthesis of Indole Alkaloids......Page 347
9.3.5. Biosynthesis of Purine Alkaloids......Page 353
9.3.6. Biosynthesis of Other Alkaloids......Page 354
9.4. Biosynthesis of Betalains......Page 357
Suggested Reading......Page 358
Unit III: Biotechnology of Bioactive Plant Molecules......Page 362
Chapter Ten......Page 363
10.1. Interaction between the Primary and Secondary Metabolisms......Page 364
10.1.2. Nitrogen as a Nutritional Source......Page 366
10.1.4. The Culture Cycle......Page 367
10.2. Cell and Tissue Cultures......Page 369
10.3. Bioactive Molecules from Cell Cultures......Page 372
10.4. Bioactive Molecules from Tissue and Organ Cultures......Page 375
10.4.1. Root Cultures......Page 376
10.4.2. Shoot and Bud Cultures......Page 379
10.5. In Vitro Turnover, Regulation and Storage of Plant Bioactive Metabolites......Page 380
10.5.1. Metabolic Turnover......Page 381
10.5.2. Transport and Storage of Bioactive Molecules......Page 383
10.5.3. Regulation of Secondary Metabolism in Cell Cultures......Page 384
10.6. The Search For and Selection of Cells with a High Production of Plant Bioactive Molecules......Page 386
10.7. Elicitation of In Vitro Production of Plant Bioactive Molecules......Page 389
10.8. In Vitro Production of Plant Bioactive Molecules of Economic Importance......Page 393
Suggested Reading......Page 397
11.1. Plant Biotechnology......Page 399
11.2. Biotransformation of Plant Bioactive Molecules......Page 401
11.3. Bioreactors and Fermenters......Page 406
11.3.1. Photobioreactors......Page 408
11.4. Immobilized Plant Cell Cultures......Page 411
11.4.1. Plant Cell Immobilization Techniques......Page 413
11.4.2. Viability of Cells......Page 414
11.4.3. Biosynthetic Capacity......Page 415
11.4.4. Release of Bioactive Molecules......Page 416
11.5. Cryopreservation......Page 417
Suggested Reading......Page 420
12.1. Transgenic Plants......Page 422
12.2. Genetic Manipulation and the Regulation of Gene Expression......Page 425
12.3.1. Terpene Engineering......Page 428
12.3.2. Phenolic Compounds Engineering......Page 431
12.3.3. Alkaloid Engineering......Page 433
12.4. Plant Molecular Pharming......Page 435
12.5. Food Safety, Recombinant DNA and Bioethics......Page 440
Suggested Reading......Page 445