Plant Architecture and Its Manipulation

Cover\r......Page 1
Plant Architecture and its Manipulation......Page 0
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
1.2 Growth and cell proliferation are related but separable components controlling cellular architecture......Page 16
1.3 Meristems as a source of cells in the plant......Page 18
1.4 Patterning of cellular architecture......Page 21
1.5 The cellular decision to proliferate or not to proliferate......Page 23
1.6 The cytoskeleton as an intermediary in the regulation of cellular architecture......Page 26
1.7.1 The relationship between cell architecture and organ size and shape......Page 30
1.7.2 Cell division and organ initiation......Page 32
1.7.3 Coordination of organ initiation......Page 33
1.8 Conclusions......Page 34
2.1 Introduction......Page 38
2.2 Phyllotaxis......Page 39
2.2.2 Regulation of phyllotaxis......Page 41
2.3.1 Role of expansin in leaf initiation......Page 44
2.4 Development of leaf symmetry......Page 45
2.4.1 Adaxial domain......Page 46
2.5.1 Dicots......Page 48
2.5.2 Monocots......Page 49
2.6 Development of compound leaf architecture......Page 50
2.6.1.2 Phantastica......Page 53
2.6.1.3 Floricaula, Leafy, Unifoliata and Falsiflora......Page 54
2.7 Leaf expansion......Page 56
2.8 Development of internal leaf architecture......Page 58
2.8.1 Cell division and tissue patterning......Page 59
2.8.2 Vascular pattern formation......Page 60
2.8.3 Epidermal cell pattern......Page 61
2.8.3.1 Stomate pattern......Page 62
2.9 Concluding remarks......Page 63
3.2.1 Auxin, gibberellin and brassinosteroid......Page 72
3.3 Hormone signal transduction......Page 80
3.4 Dwarfism not mediated by hormones......Page 81
3.5 The green revolution......Page 82
3.6 Interactions between hormones......Page 85
3.7.1 Effects of light on stem growth......Page 88
3.7.1.1 De-etiolation......Page 89
3.7.1.2 Shade-avoidance......Page 91
3.7.2 Mediation of light effects by hormones......Page 93
3.7.3 Effects of other factors, including flooding and decapitation/grazing......Page 98
3.8 Concluding discussion – are hormones regulators of plant growth or merely permissive factors?......Page 99
4.1.1 Species differ widely in propensity for branching during normal ontogeny......Page 107
4.1.2 Responses to decapitation......Page 108
4.2.1 Developmental zones......Page 110
4.2.2 Shoot dimorphism: orthotropic vs. plagiotropic development......Page 111
4.2.3 Relative timing: proleptic vs. sylleptic branching......Page 113
4.2.4 Reiteration: monopodial vs. sympodial systems......Page 114
4.3 Bud initiation......Page 116
4.3.1.2 Blind (Bl)......Page 118
4.3.1.5 SAX loci......Page 119
4.4 Bud dormancy and branch outgrowth......Page 120
4.4.1 Branch outgrowth genes......Page 121
4.4.2 Physiology of branching mutants......Page 122
4.4.3 Shoot branching and apical dominance models......Page 125
4.4.4 Branching control: more than auxin and cytokinin......Page 127
4.5.1.1 Photoperiod......Page 128
4.5.2 Nutrition......Page 129
4.6 Conclusions and prospects......Page 130
5.2 Phyllotaxy and merosity......Page 136
5.2.1 Genetic control of floral phyllotaxy......Page 138
5.2.2 Genetic control of merosity......Page 139
5.2.3 Evolutionary aspects of phyllotaxy and merosity......Page 140
5.3 Floral symmetry......Page 141
5.3.1 Genetic control of floral symmetry......Page 142
5.3.2 Evolutionary aspects of floral symmetry......Page 143
5.4.1 Genetic control of floral organ identity......Page 145
5.4.2 Evolutionary aspects of floral organ identity......Page 148
5.4.2.1 Patterns of gene duplication and their functional significance......Page 149
5.4.2.2 Patterns of gene expression and their morphological significance......Page 151
5.5 Elaboration of organ identity......Page 153
5.6 Sex determination as a modification of floral architecture......Page 154
5.7 Future perspectives......Page 155
6.1 Determinate and indeterminate inflorescence types......Page 164
6.2.1 Simple inflorescences......Page 165
6.3 Growth and branching patterns of shoots......Page 167
6.4 Vegetative to reproductive transition......Page 169
6.5.1 Shoot/inflorescence meristem identity......Page 170
6.5.2 Flower meristem identity genes......Page 171
6.6.1 Maize inflorescence development......Page 172
6.6.2 Pea mutants......Page 178
6.6.3 Tomato inflorescence development......Page 180
6.6.4 Petunia inflorescence development......Page 181
6.6.5 Capitulum development......Page 183
6.6.6 Arabidopsis inflorescence development......Page 184
6.7 Evolution of inflorescence architecture......Page 189
7.1 Introduction – an evolutionary perspective......Page 197
7.2.1 Taproot systems......Page 198
7.2.2 Fibrous root systems......Page 199
7.2.4 Food storage roots......Page 201
7.3.1 Embryonic root development......Page 202
7.3.1.1 Auxin regulation of embryonic root development......Page 203
7.4.1 Primary root tip......Page 204
7.4.2 Internal root structure......Page 206
7.5.1 Root hairs......Page 208
7.5.2 Lateral roots......Page 210
7.5.2.1 Role of auxin in lateral root development......Page 211
7.6 Regulation of root system architecture by nutrient signals......Page 212
7.6.1 Effects of nutrient availability on root hair formation......Page 213
7.6.2 Effects of nutrient availability on root branching......Page 214
7.6.3.1 Phosphatidic acid......Page 215
7.6.3.2 Alkamides and N-acylethanolamines......Page 216
7.7 Mutualistic associations between roots and soil microorganisms......Page 217
7.7.1 Signaling in plant–microbe interactions......Page 218
7.8 Conclusions......Page 220
8.1 Introduction......Page 224
8.2.1 Vascular differentiation......Page 227
8.2.2 Radial patterns......Page 228
8.2.3 Ecotypes......Page 229
8.3.1 Apical dominance......Page 232
8.3.3 Leaf vs. wood allocation......Page 233
8.3.4 Stability......Page 235
8.4.1 Architectural tree models......Page 236
8.4.2 Tree dimensions......Page 239
8.5 Intra-specific patterns......Page 240
8.6 Within-tree patterns......Page 241
8.7 Applications in forestry......Page 243
8.8 Conclusions......Page 245
9.1 Introduction......Page 253
9.2.1 Meristem activity and phyllotaxy......Page 254
9.2.2 Differentiation of axes......Page 255
9.2.3 Architectural gradients......Page 256
9.3.1 Representing plants as graphs......Page 257
9.3.2 Coding plant architecture......Page 260
9.3.3 3-D Digitizing......Page 261
9.3.4.1 Looking for remarkable variations of positional information......Page 263
9.3.4.2 Analysing spatial or temporal series......Page 264
9.3.4.3 The fractal nature of plants......Page 269
9.4.1 Models of plant–environment interaction......Page 271
9.4.1.1 Light capture......Page 272
9.4.1.3 Momentum transfer......Page 275
9.4.1.5 Accounting for gravity......Page 276
9.5.1 Dynamic systems with dynamic structure......Page 278
9.5.1.1 Specific approaches......Page 279
9.5.1.2 Generic approaches: towards the definition of languages for morphogenesis......Page 280
9.5.2.1 Bottom–up geometric approaches......Page 282
9.5.2.2 Top–down geometric approaches......Page 286
9.5.3 Reactive models......Page 288
9.5.3.1 Management of fluxes......Page 289
9.5.3.2 Reaction to the environment......Page 290
9.5.3.3 Integrated reactive models......Page 292
9.6 Conclusion and perspectives......Page 293
Hors-d’oeuvre: tender asparagus in melted lemon and Parmesan butter......Page 303
The wine list......Page 305
Starter: rosemary and Taleggio stuffed tomatoes on a bed of herbs......Page 311
Main course: pea and Pecorino risotto with saffron......Page 313
Dessert: individual apple tarts with strawberry coulis......Page 315
Coffee served with Deglet Noor......Page 319
Index......Page 330