Plant Abiotic Stress: Molecular Biology and Biotechnological Advances

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
List of Contributors......Page 17
 1.1 Introduction......Page 23
 1.2 Drought Tolerance......Page 25
 1.3 Cold Tolerance......Page 32
 1.4 Salinity Tolerance......Page 34
 1.5 Need for More Translational Research......Page 38
 References......Page 39
 2.1 Introduction......Page 51
 2.2 Drought‐induced Adaptations......Page 54
 2.3 Cold‐induced Adaptations......Page 55
 2.4 High Temperature‐induced Adaptations......Page 56
 2.6 Heavy Metal‐induced Adaptations......Page 57
 2.7 Roles of Auxin, Ethylene, and ROS......Page 58
 2.8 Conclusion......Page 59
 References......Page 60
 3.1 Introduction......Page 67
 3.2 Stomatal Morphology......Page 68
 3.3 Stomatal Movement Mechanism......Page 69
 3.5 Drought Stress Signaling Pathways......Page 70
   3.5.2.1 Plant Hormones......Page 71
   3.5.3.1 Role of CO2 Molecule in Response to Drought Stress......Page 74
   3.5.3.4 Phospholipid Role in Signal Transduction in Response to Drought Stress......Page 75
 3.6 Mechanisms of Plant Response to Stress......Page 76
 3.8 Conclusion......Page 78
 References......Page 79
 4.1 Introduction......Page 87
 4.2 Reactive Oxygen Species......Page 88
   4.2.1.1 Superoxide Radical (O2·−)......Page 89
   4.2.1.2 Singlet Oxygen (1O2)......Page 90
  4.2.2 Sites of ROS Generation......Page 91
   4.2.2.3 Mitochondria......Page 92
  4.2.3 ROS and Oxidative Damage to Biomolecules......Page 93
  4.2.4 Role of ROS as Messengers......Page 95
   4.3.1.1 Ascorbate......Page 96
   4.3.1.3 Tocopherols......Page 97
  4.3.2 Enzymatic Components......Page 98
   4.3.2.3 Peroxidases......Page 99
   4.3.2.4 Enzymes of the Ascorbate–Glutathione Cycle......Page 100
   4.3.2.7 Glutathione Reductase......Page 101
 4.4 Redox Homeostasis in Plants......Page 102
 References......Page 103
 5.1 Introduction......Page 113
 5.2 Osmolyte Accumulation is a Universally Conserved Quick Response During Abiotic Stress......Page 114
 5.3 Osmolytes Minimize Toxic Effects of Abiotic Stresses in Plants......Page 115
 5.4 Stress Signaling Pathways Regulate Osmolyte Accumulation Under Abiotic Stress Conditions......Page 116
 5.5 Metabolic Pathway Engineering of Osmolyte Biosynthesis Can Generate Improved Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Transgenic Crop Plants......Page 117
 References......Page 119
 6.1 Introduction......Page 127
 6.2 Plant Hormones and Other Elicitor‐mediated Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants......Page 128
 6.4 Signaling Role of Nitric Oxide in Abiotic Stresses......Page 131
 6.6 Conclusion......Page 136
 References......Page 137
 7.1 Introduction......Page 145
 7.2 Se Bioaccumulation and Metabolism in Plants......Page 146
  7.3.2 The Antioxidant Properties of Se......Page 147
  7.4.1 Se and Salt Stress......Page 148
  7.4.2 Se and Drought Stress......Page 149
  7.4.4 Se Ameliorating the Effects of UV‐B Irradiation......Page 150
 7.5 Conclusion......Page 151
 References......Page 152
 8.1 Introduction......Page 157
  8.2.1 PAs Scavenge Reactive Oxygen Species......Page 158
  8.3.2 Ethylene and PAs......Page 159
  8.3.4 Abscisic Acid and PAs......Page 160
 8.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives......Page 161
 References......Page 162
 9.1 Introduction......Page 167
 9.2 Deep Evolutionary Roots......Page 168
 9.3 ABA Chemical Structure, Biosynthesis, and Metabolism......Page 173
 9.4 ABA Perception and Signaling......Page 175
 9.5 ABA Regulation of Gene Expression......Page 176
  9.5.1 Cis‐regulatory Elements......Page 177
  9.5.2 Transcription Factors Involved in the ABA‐Mediated Abiotic Stress Response......Page 178
   9.5.2.2 MYC and MYB......Page 179
   9.5.2.3 NAC Family......Page 181
   9.5.2.4 AP2/ERF Family......Page 182
   9.5.2.5 Zinc Finger Family......Page 184
 9.6 Post‐transcriptional and Post‐translational Control in Regulating ABA Response......Page 186
 9.7 Epigenetic Regulation of ABA Response......Page 189
 9.8 Conclusion......Page 190
 References......Page 191
 10.1 Introduction......Page 207
 10.2 Ethylene: Abundance, Biosynthesis, Signaling, and Functions......Page 208
 10.3 Abiotic Stress and Ethylene Biosynthesis......Page 209
 10.4 Role of Ethylene in Photosynthesis Under Abiotic Stress......Page 210
 10.5 Role of Ethylene on ROS and Antioxidative System Under Abiotic Stress......Page 216
 References......Page 218
 11.1 Introduction......Page 231
  11.3.1 Crosstalk Between ABA and GA......Page 232
  11.3.3 Crosstalk Between ABA and ET......Page 233
  11.3.4 Crosstalk Between ABA and Auxins......Page 234
 11.4 Conclusion and Future Directions......Page 235
 References......Page 237
 12.1 Introduction......Page 243
  12.2.1 Structure and Functions of sHSP Family......Page 245
  12.2.2 Structure and Functions of HSP60 Family......Page 246
  12.2.3 Structure and Functions of the HSP70 Family......Page 247
   12.2.3.1 DnaJ/HSP40......Page 249
  12.2.4 Structure and Functions of HSP90 Family......Page 250
  12.2.5 Structure and Functions of HSP100 Family......Page 251
 12.3 Regulation of HSP Expression in Plants......Page 252
 12.4 Crosstalk Between HSP Networks to Provide Tolerance Against Abiotic Stress......Page 253
 12.5 Genetic Engineering of HSPs for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants......Page 254
 References......Page 256
 13.1 Introduction......Page 263
 13.2 Sources of Cl− Ion Contamination......Page 264
 13.3 Role of Cl− in Plant Growth and Development......Page 265
 13.4 Cl− Toxicity......Page 266
  13.5.2 Mechanism of Cl− Efflux at the Membrane Level......Page 267
  13.5.3 Differential Accumulation of Cl− in Plants and Compartmentalization......Page 268
 13.6 Electrophysiological Study of Cl− Anion Channels in Plants......Page 269
 13.7 Channels and Transporters Participating in Cl− Homeostasis......Page 270
  13.7.1 Slow Anion Channel and Associated Homologs......Page 271
  13.7.2 QUAC1 and Aluminum‐activated Malate Transporters......Page 273
  13.7.3 Plant Chloride Channel Family Members......Page 275
  13.7.4 Phylogenetic Tree and Tissue Localization of CLC Family Members......Page 277
  13.7.5 Cation, Chloride Co‐transporters......Page 279
  13.7.6 ATP‐binding Cassette Transporters and Chloride Conductance Regulatory Protein......Page 280
  13.7.8 Chloride Channel‐mediated Anion Transport......Page 281
 13.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives......Page 282
 References......Page 283
 14.2 P. indica: An Extraordinary Tool for Salinity Stress Tolerance Improvement......Page 291
 14.4 P. indica‐induced Biomodulation in Host Plant under Salinity Stress......Page 292
 14.6 Role of Calcium Signaling and MAP Kinase Signaling Combating Salt Stress......Page 294
 14.7 Effect of P. indica on Osmolyte Synthesis and Accumulation......Page 295
 14.8 Salinity Stress Tolerance Mechanism in Axenically Cultivated and Root Colonized P. indica......Page 296
 14.9 Conclusion......Page 299
 References......Page 300
 15.1 Introduction......Page 305
 15.2 Bacterial Symbionts‐mediated Abiotic Stress Tolerance Priming of Host Plants......Page 306
 15.3 AM Fungi‐mediated Alleviation of Abiotic Stress Tolerance of Vascular Plants......Page 308
 15.4 Other Beneficial Fungi and their Importance in Abiotic Stress Tolerance Priming of Plants......Page 309
  15.4.1 Piriformospora indica: A Model System for Bio‐priming of Host Plants Against Abiotic Stresses......Page 310
 15.5 Implication of Transgenes from Symbiotic Microorganisms in the Era of Genetic Engineering and Omics......Page 311
 15.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives......Page 312
 References......Page 313
  16.1.1 Why is Legume–Rhizobium Interaction Under the Scientific Scanner?......Page 323
  16.2.1 Nodule Structure and Formation: The Sequential Events......Page 324
  16.2.2 Nod Factor Signaling: From Perception to Nodule Inception......Page 326
  16.2.3 Reactive Oxygen Species: The Crucial Role of the Mobile Signal in Nodulation......Page 327
  16.2.5 Autoregulation of Nodulation: The Self Control from Within......Page 328
  16.3.1 How Do Abiotic Stress Factors Alter Rhizobial Behavior During Symbiotic Association?......Page 329
  16.3.2 Abiotic Agents Modulate Symbiotic Signals of Host Legumes......Page 330
 16.4 Conclusion: The Lessons Unlearnt......Page 331
 References......Page 332
 17.1 Introduction......Page 337
 17.2 Engineered Nanoparticles in the Environment......Page 339
 17.3 Nanoparticle Transformations......Page 340
 17.4 Plant Response to Nanoparticle Stress......Page 342
 17.5 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)......Page 345
 17.6 Nanoparticle Induced Oxidative Stress......Page 346
 17.7 Antioxidant Defense System in Plants......Page 348
 17.8 Conclusion......Page 349
 References......Page 350
 18.1 Introduction......Page 357
 18.2 Reaction of Plants to Abiotic Stress......Page 358
 18.3 Basic Concept of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants......Page 359
 18.4 Genetics of Abiotic Stress Tolerance......Page 360
  18.5.1 Molecular Markers......Page 361
 18.6 Marker‐assisted Selection for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants......Page 363
   18.6.1.1 Wheat (Triticum aestivum)......Page 364
   18.6.1.4 Grape (Vitis species)......Page 365
 18.7 Marker‐assisted Selection for Drought Tolerance......Page 366
   18.7.2.1 Rice (Oryza sativa)......Page 369
   18.7.2.2 Mungbean (Vigna radiata)......Page 370
   18.7.2.3 Oilseed Brassica......Page 371
   18.7.2.4 Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)......Page 372
   18.7.3.1 Barley (Hordeum vulgare)......Page 373
   18.7.3.2 Pea (Pisum sativum)......Page 375
   18.7.3.3 Oilseed Brassica......Page 376
   18.7.3.4 Potato (Solanum tuberosum)......Page 377
 References......Page 378
 19.1 Introduction......Page 391
 19.3 Molecular Analysis of Drought Stress Response......Page 392
  19.4.1 Transcriptomics......Page 393
  19.4.2 Metabolomics......Page 394
  19.4.3 Epigenomics......Page 395
 19.6 Marker‐assisted Selection......Page 396
 19.7 Transgenic Approach: Present Status and Future Prospects......Page 397
 19.9 Salinity Stress in Rice......Page 398
 19.10 Candidate Genes for Salt Tolerance in Rice......Page 400
 19.11 QTL Associated with Rice Tolerance to Salinity Stress......Page 401
 19.12 The Saltol QTL......Page 402
 References......Page 403
 20.1 Introduction......Page 411
   20.2.1.1 Roche 454......Page 412
   20.2.1.2 ABI SoLid......Page 413
   20.2.1.3 ION Torrent......Page 414
   20.2.1.4 Illumina......Page 415
  20.2.2 Applications of NGS......Page 416
   20.2.2.1 Genomics......Page 417
   20.2.2.3 Epigenomics......Page 418
   20.2.2.4 Transcriptomics......Page 419
  20.3.1 Small Interfering RNAs......Page 420
 20.4 Criteria and Tools for Computational Classification of Small RNAs......Page 424
  20.4.2 Identification and Prediction of miRNAs and siRNAs......Page 425
 20.5 Role of NGS in Identification of Stress‐regulated miRNA and their Targets......Page 429
  20.5.2 miR159......Page 430
  20.5.6 miR167......Page 431
  20.5.10 miR393......Page 432
 20.6 Conclusion......Page 433
 References......Page 434
 21.1 Introduction......Page 449
 21.3 Combined Drought–Biotic Stresses in Plants......Page 450
  21.3.1 Plant Responses Against Biotic Stress during Drought Stress......Page 451
 21.4 Varietal Failure Against Multiple Stresses......Page 452
 21.5 Transcriptome Studies of Multiple Stress Responses......Page 453
  21.6.1 Reactive Oxygen Species......Page 454
  21.6.2 Mitogen‐activated Protein Kinase Cascades......Page 455
  21.6.3 Transcription Factors......Page 456
  21.6.4 Heat Shock Proteins and Heat Shock Factors......Page 458
  21.6.5 Role of ABA Signaling during Crosstalk......Page 459
 21.7 Conclusion......Page 460
 References......Page 461
Index......Page 469
EULA......Page 477