Plankton: A Guide to their Ecology and Monitoring for Water Quality

Contents\n......Page 6
Preface......Page 12
Acknowledgements......Page 14
List of contributors......Page 16
1 The importance of plankton......Page 18
1.1 What are plankton – and why study them?......Page 19
Box 1.1 Red tides formed by Noctiluca......Page 20
1.2 Water quality, nutrients and environmentalimpacts......Page 21
Box 1.2 Eutrophication and the effects of excess nitrogen......Page 22
Box 1.3 Climate change......Page 23
1.3 Management plans and sampling for a purpose......Page 24
1.4 Coastal zone management......Page 27
1.5 Outline of this book......Page 29
1.7 Further reading......Page 30
2.1 Plankton ecology and the effect of size......Page 32
2.2 Plankton food webs......Page 35
2.3 Plankton behaviour: sinking, buoyancy andvertical migration......Page 38
2.4 Life cycles of zooplankton......Page 40
2.5 Freshwater habitats of plankton......Page 42
2.6 Estuarine and coastal habitats of plankton......Page 45
2.7 An example of a classic salt-wedge estuary......Page 51
Box 2.3 Sampling methods in the Hopkins River Estuary......Page 52
2.8 References......Page 53
2.9 Further reading......Page 55
3.1 Coastal water discolouration and harmfulalgal blooms......Page 56
Box 3.1 Invasive species from ballast water......Page 59
3.2 Geographically persistent algal bloomsin an estuary......Page 60
3.3 Monitoring phytoplankton over the long term......Page 62
Box 3.4 Key nutrient: nitrogen......Page 64
Box 3.2 Effects of eutrophication......Page 65
Box 3.3 Key nutrient: phosphorus......Page 66
Box 3.5 Analysis of cyanobacterial toxins......Page 70
3.5 Phytoplankton monitoring in New Zealand for toxic shellfish poisoning......Page 71
Box 3.6 Depletion of phytoplankton around New Zealand mussel farms......Page 72
3.6 Freshwater zooplankton as integrators andindicators of water quality......Page 74
3.7 Grazing and assimilation of phytoplankton blooms......Page 78
3.8 Impact of reduced freshwater inflow on the plankton of southern African estuaries......Page 82
Box 3.7 How sampling was conducted in the Kasouga Estuary......Page 83
3.9 References......Page 86
3.10 Further reading......Page 89
4.1 Introduction to sampling methods......Page 90
Box 4.1 The scientific method......Page 91
4.2 Dealing with environmental variability......Page 92
Box 4.2 Variance, patchiness and statistical power......Page 94
Box 4.3 Where plankton variance may be expected......Page 96
4.3 Typical sampling designs: where and when to sample......Page 97
4.4 Measurement of water quality......Page 98
Box 4.4 Electronic determination of salinity......Page 99
4.5 Sampling methods for phytoplankton......Page 102
4.6 Analysis of phytoplankton samples......Page 104
Box 4.5 Extraction and quantification of chlorophyll......Page 105
4.7 Sampling methods for zooplankton......Page 108
Box 4.6 Manufacture of a simple ring net......Page 113
Box 4.7 Safety note......Page 115
4.8 Preparation and quantifying zooplankton\n(sub-sampling, S-trays, plankton wheels)......Page 116
Box 4.8 Fabrication of tungsten wire probes......Page 123
Box 4.9 Occupational health and safety......Page 124
4.9 Automated methods for zooplanktonsampling: examples of size structure......Page 125
4.10 Methods: analysis, quality control andpresentation......Page 127
Box 4.10 Calculating copepods per cubic metre......Page 128
Box 4.11 Safety and care......Page 129
4.11 References......Page 130
4.12 Further reading......Page 131
5.1 Identifying freshwater phytoplankton......Page 132
5.2 Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)......Page 133
Box 5.2 Buoyancy regulation in cyanobacteria......Page 134
Box 5.3 Heterocytes and akinetes......Page 135
5.3 Chlorophyceae (green algae)......Page 137
Box 5.4 Distinctive features of Chlorophyceae(green algae)......Page 138
5.4 Bacillariophyceae (diatoms)......Page 139
Box 5.6 Vegetative reproduction in diatoms......Page 140
5.5 Pyrrhophyceae (or Dinophyceae) (dinoflagellates)......Page 141
Box 5.7 Distinctive features of dinoflagellates......Page 142
5.6 Other algae......Page 143
Box 5.8 Distinctive features of euglenoids......Page 144
Box 5.10 Distinctive features of chrysophytes......Page 145
5.8 References......Page 154
5.9 Further reading......Page 156
6.1 Identifying marine phytoplankton......Page 158
6.2 Diatoms (Division Bacillariophyceae)......Page 162
6.3 Dinophyceae (dinoflagellates)......Page 163
Box 6.2 The ‘surf diatom’: Anaulus australis......Page 164
Box 6.3 Species in the Pseudo-nitzschia genus......Page 165
6.4 Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)......Page 167
6.5 Other marine phytoplankton......Page 169
Box 6.7 Silicoflagellate blooms......Page 170
Box 6.8 A coccolithophorid bloom in NSW......Page 171
6.7 Further reading......Page 172
7.1 Identifying freshwater zooplankton......Page 174
7.2 Larval fish......Page 175
7.3 Copepods......Page 179
7.4 Cladocerans......Page 182
7.5 Rotifers......Page 186
7.7 Specific issues in sampling and monitoring......Page 189
7.8 Conclusions......Page 191
7.9 References......Page 193
7.10 Further reading......Page 196
8.1 Identifying marine zooplankton......Page 198
8.2 Copepods and other small and abundant animals......Page 207
Box 8.1 Three key steps to identifying copepods......Page 209
Box 8.2 The ecology and aquaculture of a dominant estuarine copepod......Page 210
8.3 Shrimp-like crustacean zooplankton: larger eyes and limbs......Page 211
8.4 Other large zooplankton......Page 214
Box 8.3 Ctenophore blooms......Page 216
Box 8.4 Salps, larvaceans and climate change......Page 217
8.5 Other zooplankton: worms and snails......Page 218
8.6 Small and irregular zooplankton (<0.2 mm)......Page 220
8.7 Jellyfish and their relatives......Page 222
Box 8.6 Jellyfish blooms......Page 225
Box 8.7 Jellyfish symbioses......Page 226
Box 8.8 The bluebottle, Physalia, and its relatives......Page 228
8.8 Larval fish in estuarine and coastal waters......Page 229
Box 8.10 Larval fish condition and deformities......Page 230
Box 8.11 Developmental stages of larval fish......Page 233
8.9 References......Page 235
8.10 Further reading......Page 238
9.1 Introduction to models in management......Page 240
9.2 Examples of trophic models......Page 244
9.3 Managing phytoplankton blooms in a reservoir by coupled models......Page 247
Box 9.1 Ben Chifley catchment and Ben Chifley reservoir......Page 249
9.4 Coastal Lake Assessment and Management (CLAM) tool......Page 251
9.5 General comments regarding hydrodynamic and ecological modelling......Page 257
9.6 References......Page 258
9.7 Further reading......Page 259
Glossary of terms......Page 262
Index......Page 266