Planetary Systems: Detection, Formation and Habitability of Extrasolar Planets

front-matter......Page 1
From Antiquity to the Copernican Revolution......Page 12
The First Theories on the Formation of the World......Page 14
First Searches for Other Worlds......Page 16
The Velocimetry Method......Page 17
The First Results and the Problems Raised......Page 20
Planets Around Pulsars......Page 21
The Search for Protoplanetary Disks......Page 23
The Solar System: A Typical Planetary System?......Page 24
The Sun as an Average Star......Page 25
The Formation of the Planets by Nucleation......Page 26
Terrestrial and Giant Planets......Page 29
Bibliography......Page 31
Contrast Between Star and Planet......Page 32
Angular Separation Between the Objects......Page 33
Environment of the Earth and Exoplanets......Page 34
The Effect of a Planet on the Motion of Its Star......Page 35
The Effect a Planet has on Photometry of Its Star......Page 47
Direct Detection of Exoplanets......Page 57
Choice of Spectral Region......Page 58
Coronagraphic Methods and Adaptive Optics......Page 59
Interferometry......Page 66
Interferometry and Imagery: Hypertelescopes......Page 73
Detection by Radio......Page 76
Bibliography......Page 78
Extrasolar Planets, 12 Years After the First Discovery......Page 80
The Mass-Distribution of Exoplanets......Page 81
The Distance-Distribution of Exoplanets......Page 85
The Relationship Between the Mass of Exoplanets and Their Distance from Their Star......Page 87
Orbital Eccentricity Among Exoplanets......Page 89
Exoplanets and Their Parent Stars......Page 91
Mass/Diameter Ratio......Page 93
Characteristics of Extrasolar Planetary Atmospheres......Page 94
Bibliography......Page 95
Observational Methods......Page 96
Terrestrial Planets and Giant Planets......Page 98
The Small Bodies......Page 99
Dating the Solar System Through Radioactive Decay......Page 101
The Nebular Theory......Page 102
The Standard Model: The Chronology of Events......Page 103
The Electromagnetic Spectrum of the Objects in the Solar System......Page 111
Planetary Atmospheres......Page 112
The Terrestrial Planets......Page 116
The Giant Planets......Page 121
Rings and Satellites in the Outer Solar System......Page 131
Small Bodies in the Solar System......Page 135
The Scenario for the Formation of the Solar System......Page 140
Objects in the Planetary Systems Observable from Earth......Page 141
Bibliography......Page 142
Properties of the Interstellar Medium......Page 144
The Formation of Molecular Clouds......Page 146
Observation of Young Stars......Page 147
Observation of Protoplanetary Disks......Page 150
Stellar Accretion Flux......Page 153
The Rotation of T-Tauri Stars......Page 154
The Formation of Binary Systems......Page 155
The Principal Stages of Star Formation......Page 156
Later Stages of Stellar Evolution: Evolution Towards the Main Sequence......Page 160
The Structure of Protoplanetary Disks......Page 162
Composition of the Gas and Dust......Page 166
Planetary Disks and Debris Disks......Page 167
Observation of the Disk of HR 4796A......Page 168
Observation of the Disk of  Pic......Page 169
From Microscopic Particles to Centimetre-Sized Grains......Page 172
From Centimetre-Sized Grains to Kilometre-Sized Bodies......Page 173
From Protoplanets to Planets......Page 174
Bibliography......Page 176
Calculation of Radial Velocities......Page 179
Orbital Characteristics from Radial-Velocity Curves......Page 180
Multiple Systems Case......Page 182
Exoplanets and Known Multiple Systems......Page 183
Rotation of the Planets......Page 186
Migration in the Solar System......Page 187
Migration in Exosystems......Page 189
The Different Migration Mechanisms......Page 190
Observational Indications......Page 192
The End of the Migration and Tidal Effects......Page 194
Dynamical Categories......Page 195
The GJ 876 System......Page 197
The bold0mu mumu Raw  Andromedae System......Page 198
The HD 202206 System: A Circumbinary Planet?......Page 199
Planetary Systems Around Pulsars......Page 201
The Dynamics of Debris Disks......Page 203
Bibliography......Page 206
Structure and Evolution of an Exoplanet......Page 207
The Observable Features......Page 208
The Equations of Internal Structure......Page 209
Equations of State......Page 211
Construction of Models of Internal Structure......Page 213
Evolutionary Models......Page 216
The Internal Structure of Terrestrial-Type Exoplanets and Ocean Planets......Page 218
Terrestrial-Type Exoplanets......Page 219
Ocean Planets......Page 221
Giant Exoplanets......Page 224
Terrestrial Planets and Habitable Planets......Page 235
Hot Neptunes, Super-Earths, and Ocean Planets......Page 249
Bibliography......Page 252
Present and Future Instrumental Projects......Page 255
Velocimetry......Page 256
Astrometry......Page 260
The Study of Planetary Transits......Page 265
Searching for Microlensing Events......Page 276
Imaging......Page 280
Interferometry......Page 289
Direct Detection of Radio Waves......Page 298
Bibliography......Page 301
How Should Life be Defined?......Page 303
The Role of Carbon and of Liquid Water......Page 304
The Building-Block of Life: Macromolecules......Page 306
Nucleic Acids......Page 307
The Role of the Cell......Page 308
Organic Material in the Universe......Page 309
The Synthesis of Organic Molecules: Miller and Urey's Experiment......Page 311
Transport of Complex Organic Molecules to the Primordial Earth......Page 313
Polymers and Macromolecules......Page 316
RNA and DNA......Page 317
Favourable Conditions......Page 318
The Environment of the Primitive Earth: The Hydrosphere and Atmosphere......Page 319
The Planet Mars......Page 321
The Satellites of the Outer Planets......Page 325
Exoplanets' Habitable Zones......Page 329
How May Life on an Exoplanet be Detected?......Page 331
The Drake and Sagan Equation......Page 334
The State of SETI and CETI Searches......Page 335
Bibliography......Page 337
Star or Planet?......Page 338
Black-Body Emission -- Planck's Radiation Law -- Stefan's Law......Page 339
The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram and the Spectral Classification of Stars......Page 341
Resonances......Page 343
Index......Page 345