Planetary landers and entry probes

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 13
Acknowledgements......Page 14
List of acronyms and abbreviations......Page 15
Part I Engineering issues specific to entry probes, landers or penetrators......Page 25
1.1 Systems engineering......Page 27
1.1.1 The project team......Page 29
1.2 Choice of landing site......Page 31
2.1 The launch environment......Page 38
2.2 Transfer-trajectory choice......Page 39
2.2.1 Transfer trajectories: impulsive......Page 40
2.2.2 Transfer orbits: gravity assists......Page 43
2.2.3 Transfer orbits: continuous thrust......Page 45
2.2.4 Transfer orbits: chaotic transfers......Page 46
2.3.1 Aerocapture and aerobraking......Page 47
3.1 Entry dynamics......Page 48
3.2 Thermodynamics of entry......Page 51
3.2.1 Flow chemistry......Page 54
3.3 TPS technologies......Page 55
3.4 Practicalities......Page 56
4.2 Extreme ballistic coefficients......Page 60
4.3 Drag enhancement devices......Page 63
4.4 Parachute types......Page 64
4.4.1 Parachute components and manufacture......Page 66
4.5 Testing......Page 68
4.7 Mars – retro-rockets in atmosphere......Page 69
5 Descent to an airless body......Page 71
5.3 Realistic trajectories......Page 72
5.4 Example – direct descent – Surveyor......Page 73
5.6 Small bodies......Page 74
5.7 Instrumentation......Page 75
5.9 Hover......Page 78
5.10 Combined techniques – system engineering......Page 79
6.1 Balloons......Page 80
6.1.1 Balloon basics and planetary environments......Page 81
6.1.2 Planetary environments......Page 83
6.1.3 Deployment and inflation of planetary aerobots......Page 85
6.2 Powered aerobots (airships)......Page 87
6.3 Aeroplanes and gliders......Page 90
6.4 Other heavier-than-air concepts for aerial mobility......Page 92
6.5 Submarines, hydrobots and cryobots......Page 93
7.1 Targeting and hazard avoidance......Page 95
7.2 Landing gear......Page 96
7.3 Penetration dynamics......Page 102
7.4 Splashdown dynamics: Titan landers, Earth-return capsules......Page 104
8 Thermal control of landers and entry probes......Page 108
8.1 Surface coatings and radiation balance......Page 109
8.2 Internal heat transfer......Page 110
8.3 Thermal environment during descent......Page 111
8.5 Thermal modelling......Page 115
9.1 System requirements......Page 118
9.2 Power and energy budgets......Page 119
9.3 Radioisotope sources......Page 120
9.4 Solar power......Page 122
9.5.1 Primary batteries......Page 125
9.5.2 Secondary batteries......Page 126
9.7 Power and thermal control......Page 127
9.8 Nuts and bolts......Page 128
10 Communication and tracking of entry probes......Page 129
10.1 Entry probes: communication basics......Page 131
10.2 Main telecom equation......Page 136
10.3 Frequency measurements......Page 138
10.4 Data transmission......Page 139
10.6 Tracking......Page 141
11 Radiation environment......Page 145
12 Surface activities: arms, drills, moles and mobility......Page 148
13 Structures......Page 154
14 Contamination of spacecraft and planets......Page 156
14.1 Sources of contamination......Page 158
14.3.2 Thermal stress......Page 160
14.3.3 Radiation exposure......Page 163
14.3.5 Other gaseous sterilizing methods......Page 165
14.4.1 The space environment – vacuum exposure......Page 167
14.4.3 The space environment – penetrating radiation......Page 168
14.5 Cleanliness as a separate goal......Page 169
14.6 Sample return......Page 170
Part II Previous atmosphere/surface vehicles and their payloads......Page 171
15 Destructive impact probes......Page 175
16.1.1 1VA entry probes......Page 177
16.1.2 2MV and 3MV entry probes......Page 178
16.3 Pioneer Venus probes......Page 183
16.4 VeGa AZ balloons......Page 194
16.5 Galileo Probe......Page 197
16.6 Huygens......Page 199
17 Pod landers......Page 201
17.1 Ranger Block 2 Seismo capsules......Page 202
17.2 Luna 4–9, 13 (Ye-6 and Ye-6M) landers......Page 203
17.3 Mars 2, 3, 6, 7 (M-71 and M-73) landers......Page 209
17.4 Mars 96 Small Stations......Page 210
17.5 Mars Pathfinder......Page 214
17.6 Beagle 2......Page 215
17.7 Mars Exploration Rovers......Page 220
18.2 Apollo lunar modules......Page 223
18.8 Viking landers......Page 227
18.9 Mars Surveyor landers......Page 251
18.9.2 Phoenix......Page 256
18.10 Mars Science Laboratory......Page 258
19 Payload delivery penetrators......Page 262
19.1 Mars 96 penetrators......Page 264
19.2 Deep Space 2 Mars Microprobes......Page 267
19.3 Lunar-A penetrators......Page 269
20.1 Phobos 1F......Page 271
20.1.1 Phobos 1, 2 DAS......Page 272
20.1.2 Phobos 2 PROP-F......Page 274
20.3 Rosetta Lander Philae......Page 277
20.4 Hayabusa (MUSES-C) and MINERVA......Page 281
Part III Case studies......Page 285
21 Surveyor landers......Page 287
21.1 Design......Page 288
21.2 Flight performance......Page 289
22 Galileo probe......Page 291
22.1 Equipment......Page 292
22.2 Flight performance......Page 294
23 Huygens......Page 297
24 Mars Pathfinder and Sojourner......Page 308
25 Deep Space 2 Mars Microprobes......Page 313
26 Rosetta Lander Philae......Page 323
27.1 The spacecraft......Page 328
27.2.1 Panoramic camera (Pancam)......Page 331
27.2.4 Mossbauer spectrometer (MB)......Page 333
27.2.7 Rock abrasion tool (RAT)......Page 334
27.3 Problems encountered......Page 335
Atmosphere models......Page 337
Engineering......Page 340
Reference......Page 343
Historical......Page 344
Some useful web sites......Page 345
References......Page 347
Index......Page 362