Place Names: How They Define The World - And More

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Contents
Preface
Introduction
Shortened Versions of Organization Names
Part I: The Nature of a Place Name
	1. What Is a Place Name?
		DEFINITION AND FUNCTION
		ORIGINS OF PLACE NAMES
		CATEGORIES OF PLACE NAMES
		NOTES
	2. Regional Names
		INTERNATIONAL REGIONAL NAMES
		REGIONAL NAMES WITHIN COUNTRIES
		LARGE BODIES OF WATER
		NOTES
	3. Maps Say Little without Place Names
		PURPOSES OF A MAP
		MAP CHARACTERISTICS
		MAPPING TECHNIQUES
		U.S. MAPPING AGENCIES
		COMMERCIAL MAPS
		ECOLOGY AND MAPS
		NOTES
Part II: How Place Names Affect Us
	4. How Place Names Communicate
		INFORM US ABOUT OUR WORLD
		IDENTIFY ASPECTS OF OUR LIVES
		PROVIDE HISTORICAL INFORMATION
		DESCRIBE THE NATURE OF TERRAIN
		COMMON WORDS
		ANIMAL NAMES
		FAMILY NAMES
		AUTOMOBILE NAMES
		FOOD AND BEVERAGE NAMES
		RAILROAD NAMES
		MINERAL NAMES
		NOTES
	5. Place Names and the Arts
		LITERATURE
			Poetry
			Plays
		MUSIC
			Classical Music
			Popular Music
			Special Music
			Patriotic Songs
			Religious Songs
			Songs in Areas without Written Languages
		PAINTINGS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
		NOTES
Part III: Place Names Are Not Permanent
	6. Where in the World Is That Place?
		NAMES IN THE HEADLINES
		THE IRON CURTAIN IS LIFTED
		THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA
		OTHER COUNTRIES CHANGED NAMES
		NAMES IN THE MIDDLE EAST
		NAMES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
			My Lai, Vietnam - Was It My Lai 1, My Lai 2, My Lai 3, My Lai 4,My Lai 5, or My Lai 6?
		THE PERSIAN GULF OR THE ARABIAN GULF
		A CASE OF NAMES IN HEADLINES OF THE PAST
		NAMES IN FUTURE HEADLINES
		NOTES
	7. Names in Multilingual Countries
		DIFFERENT LANGUAGES, DIFFERENT NAMES
		HOW MANY LANGUAGES ARE THERE?
		EXAMPLES OF DIFFERING PLACE NAMES
		NOTES
Part IV: Efforts to End the Confusion
	8. Countries Recognize the Problem
		THE SITUATION IN THE UNITED STATES
		CREATION O F THE U. S. BOARD ON GEOGRAPHIC NAMES
		THE UNITED STATES ADDRESSES WRITING SYSTEMS OF FOREIGN NAMES
		MILITARY NEEDS REQUIRED THE REESTABLISHMENT OF THE BOARD
		THE BOARD IS REORGANIZED
		OTHER NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL BODIES
		NOTES
	9. The United Nations Joins the Effort
		THE UNITED NATIONS LOOKS AT PLACE NAMES
		U.N. GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES
		HOW U.N. PROGRAMS WORK
		FUTURE U.N. EFFORTS
		NOTES
	10. A Need for Place Names Where People Don\'t Live
		UNDERSEA FEATURES
		ANTARCTICAN FEATURES
		EXTRATERRESTRIAL FEATURES
	11. The Terminology of Names
		WHY IS TERMINOLOGY NEEDED?
		IS IT A PLACE NAME, A GEOGRAPHIC NAME, A GEOGRAPHICAL NAME, OR A TOPONYM?
		SPECIFIC AND GENERIC TERMS
		NAMES OF CITIES, COUNTIES, STATES, AND COUNTRIES
		NAMES DEFINED AS \"FALSE GENERICS\"
		CONVENTIONAL NAMES
		SHORT AND LONG FORMS OF NAMES
		STANDARDIZATION OF NAMES
		CATEGORIZATION OF PLACE NAMES
		DESIGNATIONS
		VARIATIONS OF TERMINOLOGY
		VARIATIONS IN MEANING
			ALLONYM
			EXONYM
			HYDRONYM
		NOTES
	12. If Your Language Is English, How Do You Write or Pronounce Arabic or Russian Names?
		CONVERTING NAMES FROM ONE LANGUAGE OR WRITING SYSTEM TO OTHERS
		LANGUAGES AND WRITING SYSTEMS
		TRANSLATION, ROMANIZATION, TRANSLITERATION, AND TRANSCRIPTION
		U.S. AND U.K. ROMANIZATION SYSTEMS
		PRONUNCIATION OF PLACE NAMES
		NOTES
	13 Gazetteers
		NOTES
Part V. U.S. and International Names Programs during and after the Cold War
	14. The Cold War
		THE COLD WAR IMPACT ON U.N. NAMES PROGRAMS
		SOVIET MAPS WITH INCORRECT NAMES
		NOTES
	15. The U.S. Department of State
		NOTES
	16. U.S. Intelligence Agencies
		NOTE
	17. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
		NOTES
	18. After the Cold War
Part VI. Interesting and Unusual Names
	19. Names in Dispute
		SOME DISPUTES IN THE UNITED STATES
			Mount McKinley or Denali in Alaska
			Mount Rainier or Tacoma in the State of Washington
			Cape Canaveral or Cape Kennedy in Florida
			Daugherty or Dougherty in Texas
		SOME DISPUTE S IN FOREIGN AREAS
			The Sea of Japan, the East Sea, the Sea of Korea, or East Sea/Sea of Japan
			Names in Israel and Countries of the Middle East
			West Bank or Judea and Samaria
			Cyprus
		NAMES COMMON TO THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA
		NOTES
	20. Unusual and Unacceptable Names
		LONG NAMES
		SHORT NAMES
		NAMES WITH COMMON ENDINGS
		NAMES WITH UNUSUAL ORIGINS
		A REQUEST FOR AN ANIMAL-FRIENDLY PLACE NAME
		HOW MANY GREAT LAKES ARE THERE?
		COMMON NAMES IN THE UNITED STATES
		THE SHORTEST RIVER IN UNITED STATES
		WHERE IS A TOWN CALLED LAKE WOBEGON?
		A PUNCTUATION MARK MEANS A NEW NAME?
		THE LAST NAME IN ANY GAZETTEER
		UNACCEPTABLE NAMES IN THE UNITED STATES
		NOTES
Afterword
Appendix A: Common Words Derived from Place Names
Appendix B: Independent States of the World
	NOTES
Appendix C: Structure and Working Procedures of the U.S. Board on Geographic Names
	STRUCTURE
		Agencies Responsible for Board Membership
		Committees
		Advisory Committees
	WORKING PROCEDURES
		The Board
		The Domestic Names Committee
		Samples of Actions on Proposals for New Names Submitted to the Domestic Names Committee
		Foreign Names Committee
		Excerpt from Minutes of the 306th Quarterly Meeting of the Foreign Names Committee, January 29, 1997 (comments rewritten to provide full description)
Appendix D: Excerpts from BGN Gazetteers of Undersea Features and Antarctic Names
	UNDERSEA FEATURES
	ANTARCTIC NAMES
Appendix E: Examples of Conventional Names
	NOTE
Appendix F: Selected Place Names from the BGN Digital Gazetteer of Austria
	COLUMN HEADINGS
Appendix G: Comparative Examples of Selected Russian Cyrillic
	NAMES ACCORDING TO THE OFFICIAL RUSSIAN SYSTEM (GOST 1983) AND THE BGN/PCGN SYSTEM
Appendix H: BGN /PCGN Romanization System for Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic
	NOTE
Appendix I: Accessing Information about Foreign and Domestic Place Names Processed by the BGN
	ACCESS VIA THE INTERNET
	DIGITAL INTERIM GEOGRAPHIC NAMES DATA ON CD-ROM
	HARD-COPY GAZETTEERS
	RECENT CHANGES IN FOREIGN PLACE NAMES
	FOREIGN NAMES INQUIRY SERVICE
	INFORMATION ABOUT STANDARDIZING FOREIGN AND UNDERSEA NAMES
	INFORMATION ABOUT DOMESTIC AND ANTARCTIC NAMES
	PRINCIPAL PERSONS INVOLVED WITH BGN NAMES PROGRAMS
		Domestic U.S. Names and Antarctic Names
		Foreign Names
		Internet Access to Agencies Involved with BGN Programs
Appendix J: U.S. and Other Sources of Information about Place Names
	THE U.S. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
	THE WEB
	THE UNITED NATIONS
Sources Cited
Useful Published Sources
	SOURCES CITED IN ENDNOTES
	OTHER SOURCES RELATED TO PLACE NAMES
Index
About the Author
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