Pipelines: gas and liquid petroleum. Design and construction, Deel 1

AS 2885.1-2007 PIPELINES-GAS AND LIQUID PETROLEUM - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION......Page 1
PREFACE......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 8
1.3 RETROSPECTIVE APPLICATION......Page 17
1.5.11 Control piping......Page 18
1.5.23 Hot tap......Page 19
1.5.37 Pipework, station......Page 20
1.5.52 Should......Page 21
1.6 SYMBOLS AND UNITS......Page 22
1.7 ABBREVIATIONS......Page 24
2.2.1 Approval......Page 26
2.2.5 Operational Review......Page 27
2.3.1 General......Page 28
2.3.2 Threats......Page 29
2.3.3 Controls......Page 31
2.3.4 Failure analysis......Page 32
2.4.2 Safety assessments......Page 33
2.6 ELECTRICAL......Page 34
2.7.1 Construction safety......Page 35
2.7.3 Commissioning safety......Page 36
3.2.2 Materials and components complying with nominated Standards......Page 37
3.2.3 Materials and components complying with Standards not nominated in this Standard......Page 38
3.2.6 Reclaimed accessories, valves and fittings......Page 39
3.4.2 Pipe Yield to Tensile Ratio......Page 40
3.5.1 General......Page 41
3.7 RECORDS......Page 42
4.1 BASIS OF SECTION......Page 43
4.2.2 Investigation......Page 44
4.2.4 Route identification......Page 45
4.3.4 Primary location class......Page 46
4.3.5 Secondary location class......Page 47
4.4.1 General......Page 48
4.4.2 Sign location......Page 49
4.4.3 Sign design......Page 50
4.5.1 Design Basis......Page 51
4.5.3 Design life......Page 52
4.5.4 Maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP)......Page 53
4.6.1 General......Page 54
4.6.4 Isolation valves......Page 55
4.7.1 General......Page 56
4.7.4 Change of location class......Page 57
4.8.1 General......Page 58
4.8.2 Fracture control plan......Page 59
4.8.4 Specification of toughness properties for tearing fracture control......Page 62
4.8.5 Critical defect length......Page 65
4.10 ENERGY DISCHARGE RATE......Page 66
4.11.2 Penetration resistance requirements......Page 67
4.11.3 Calculation of resistance to penetration......Page 68
5.2.2 External pressure......Page 69
5.4.1 Nominal wall thickness (tN)......Page 70
5.4.3 Wall thickness for design internal pressure (tP)......Page 71
5.4.5 Wall thickness design for external pressure......Page 72
5.4.8 Wall thickness summary......Page 73
5.5.2 Depth of cover......Page 75
5.5.3 Depth of cover-Rock trench......Page 76
5.5.4 Design for protection-General requirements......Page 77
5.5.5 Physical controls......Page 78
5.5.6 Procedural controls......Page 79
5.6.2 Prequalified design coverage......Page 81
5.6.5 Prequalified design special cases......Page 82
5.7.2 Terminology......Page 83
5.7.3 Stresses due to normal loads......Page 84
5.7.6 Hydrostatic pressure testing......Page 86
5.7.9 Plastic strain and limit state design methodologies......Page 87
5.8.1 General......Page 88
5.8.3 Pipeline with reduced cover or above ground......Page 89
5.8.6 Submerged crossings......Page 92
5.8.7 Pipeline attached to a bridge......Page 93
5.8.8 Road and railway reserves......Page 94
5.9.5 Branch connection assembly......Page 97
5.9.7 Special fabricated assemblies......Page 98
5.10.3 Flanged joints......Page 99
5.11.1 General......Page 100
5.11.6 Restraint due to soil friction......Page 101
5.11.8 Support of branch connections......Page 102
6.2.1 Location......Page 103
6.2.4 Safety......Page 104
6.4.1 General......Page 107
6.4.5 Station valves......Page 108
6.5.3 Belowground structures......Page 109
6.5.6 Drainage......Page 110
7.2.1 Pipeline pressure control......Page 112
7.4 SCADA-SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITIONS SYSTEM......Page 114
7.6 CONTROL FACILITIES......Page 115
8.3.1 Assessment......Page 116
8.4.2 Corrosion mitigation methods......Page 117
8.6 CORROSION MONITORING......Page 118
8.7.3 Corrosion inhibitors and biocides......Page 119
8.8.2 Coating......Page 120
8.8.4 Design considerations......Page 121
8.8.5 Measurement of potential......Page 122
8.9.3 Coating application......Page 123
8.10.2 Joint and lining repair......Page 124
9.2.2 Upgrade Design Basis......Page 125
9.2.3 Data collection......Page 126
9.2.4 Engineering analysis......Page 127
9.2.10 Records......Page 129
10.2.3 Horizontal directional drilled installation......Page 130
10.3.3 Construction loads......Page 131
10.4.6 Repair of defects......Page 132
10.6.1 General......Page 133
10.6.3 Acceptance limits for field bends......Page 134
10.10 SYSTEM CONTROLS......Page 135
10.11.2 Aluminothermic welding......Page 136
10.14.1 Safety......Page 137
10.15.2 Installation requirement......Page 138
10.16.1 General......Page 139
10.19 TESTING OF COATING INTEGRITY OF BURIED PIPELINES......Page 140
10.20 CLEANING AND GAUGING PIPELINES......Page 141
11.4.3 Pre-tested pipe......Page 142
11.4.6 Testing with air or gas......Page 143
11.4.7 Pressuretesting loads......Page 144
11.5 COMMENCEMENT OF PATROLLING......Page 145
12.1 RECORDS......Page 146
12.2 RETENTION OF RECORDS......Page 147
A2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS......Page 148
B1 GENERAL......Page 153
B2 WHOLE OF LIFE PIPELINE SAFETY MANAGEMENT......Page 154
B2.1 Project phases......Page 156
B3 Pre-requisites for safety management studies......Page 157
C2.1 External interference......Page 159
C2.4 Operations and maintenance......Page 160
C2.7 Construction defects......Page 161
C2.9 Other threats......Page 162
D2 DEFINITION OF DESIGN EVENTS......Page 163
D3 EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE PROTECTION DESIGN......Page 164
E1 GENERAL......Page 166
E3 CAUSES OF FAILURE OF PROCEDURAL CONTROLS......Page 167
E4.2 Thirdparty liaison......Page 168
E6 ONE-CALL SERVICES......Page 169
E7.1 Pipeline markers......Page 170
E8 AGREEMENTS WITH OTHER ENTITIES......Page 171
E11 REMOTE INSTRUSION MONITORING......Page 172
F2 CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS......Page 173
F4 RISK RANKING......Page 174
F5.2 ALARP......Page 175
F5.4 Risk treatment during operation......Page 176
G2 THE CONCEPT OF ALARP......Page 177
G3 CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES......Page 178
H2.3 Effective controls......Page 179
H3.3 Personnel......Page 180
H3.4 Data and documentation......Page 181
I1 GENERAL......Page 187
I2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROCESS......Page 188
J3 CRITERIA OF ACCEPTANCE......Page 189
K3.4 Criteria of acceptance......Page 190
K4.4 Criteria of acceptance......Page 191
L2 THE BASIS OF FRACTURE CONTROL......Page 192
L3.2 Fluid parameters......Page 193
L3.3 Operating parameters......Page 194
L4 GUIDANCE ON TEST TEMPERATURE SPECIFICATION......Page 196
L5.1 Smaller diameter-High pressure pipe......Page 199
L6 REFERENCES......Page 200
M3 TOOTH AND HOLE DIMENSIONS......Page 202
M5 FACTOR B......Page 204
M6 AUSTRALIAN FIELD TRIALS......Page 206
N3.1 General......Page 207
N3.2 Definition of fatigue life......Page 208
N3.4 Revalidation......Page 209
O3 EXTERNAL CORROSION......Page 210
O5 CORROSION PRIOR TO COMMISSIONING......Page 211
P2.2 Conditions......Page 213
P3.2 Conditions......Page 214
P4.3 Sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC)......Page 215
P6.1 General......Page 216
P6.5 Age of pipeline......Page 217
P6.9 Pipe wall temperature......Page 218
P7 REFERENCES......Page 219
APPENDIX Q - INFORMATION FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION......Page 220
R1.3 Mitigative measures......Page 222
R3.1 General......Page 223
R3.4 Earth potential rise......Page 224
R3.7 Lightning......Page 225
R4.3 Category B (see AS/NZS 4853)......Page 226
R5 ASSESSMENT OF HAZARD......Page 227
R7.2 Operational activities......Page 228
R7.6 Pipe continuity......Page 229
S2 BASIS OF REQUIREMENTS FOR COLD FIELD BENDS......Page 230
S3 OBJECTIVES......Page 231
S4 SUGGESTED METHOD......Page 233
T2 NOTATION......Page 235
T5 INITIAL LOAD AND PRELOAD......Page 238
T6 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN APPLIED TORQUE AND TENSION......Page 239
T8.1 Stresses during installation......Page 240
T8.3 Stresses during the hydrostatic pressure test......Page 241
T10 THE EFFECTS OF PIPING LOADS ON FLANGED JOINTS......Page 242
T13 DERATING OF ALLOWABLE STRESS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE......Page 243
T15.2 Gasket compression and test pressure......Page 244
T15.4 The applied load (Q)......Page 245
T15.6 Combined stress level in the bolts during installation......Page 246
T15.9 Fatigue stress level during operation......Page 247
T16 VALIDATION OF THE TORQUE WRENCH TIGHTENING PROCEDURE......Page 249
¿U2.1 Hoop or circumferential pressure stress (¿H)......Page 251
¿U2.4 Bending stress ¿W......Page 252
U2.8 Total shear stress (
)......Page 253
¿U3.2 Longitudinal pressure stress (¿L)......Page 254
¿U3.4 Bending stress (¿w)......Page 255
¿U4.1 Occasional stress (¿o)......Page 256
V3 LOAD SITUATIONS......Page 258
V5 EQUIVALENT API RP 1102 LOADS......Page 259
V6 OTHER DESIGN METHODS......Page 260
W2 DESIGN LIMITS......Page 262
W4 DESIGN ENVELOPES......Page 263
W5.1 The von Mises formula......Page 264
W5.2 Tresca formulae......Page 266
X2 FAILURE MODES AND CRITERIA......Page 272
X4 SUSTAINED AND SELF-LIMITING LOADS......Page 273
X5 THEORIES OF FAILURE (TRESCA AND VON MISES)......Page 274
X7 COMPUTATION OF STRESSES......Page 275
Y2 FULL BORE RUPTURE OF GAS PIPELINE......Page 277
Y3 LEAK FROM GAS PIPELINE......Page 280
Y4 LIQUID HYDROCARBON PIPELINES......Page 281
Z2 REINFORCEMENT OF SINGLE WELDED BRANCH CONNECTIONS......Page 282
Z4 EXTRUDED OUTLET......Page 283
AA2.1 Physical properties......Page 288
AA2.2 Damage......Page 289
AA3.1 Pressure definition......Page 290
AA3.3 Hydrostatic test conditions......Page 291
AA3.6 Joint selection......Page 292
AA4.3 Quality records......Page 293
AA5.2 Physical properties of the pipe required for design and analysis......Page 294
AA5.6 Design tools......Page 295
AA6.2 Competence and training......Page 296
AA6.5 Supervision and inspection......Page 297
AA7.1 Repair methods......Page 298