Phytosequestration: Strategies for Mitigation of Aerial Carbon Dioxide and Aquatic Nutrient Pollution

Preface
Acknowledgment
Contents
About the Authors
Chapter 1: Introduction to Phytosequestration: Strategies for Mitigation of Aerial Carbon Dioxide and Aquatic Nutrient Pollution
	References
Chapter 2: Global Climate: Chronological Perspective
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Paleoclimate
	2.3 Glimpse of the Earth’s Climate Through Ages
		2.3.1 Climate During Precambrian
		2.3.2 Climate During Phanerozoic
	2.4 Sources of Paleoclimate Data
		2.4.1 Historical Data
		2.4.2 Archeological Data
			2.4.2.1 Plant and Animal Remains
			2.4.2.2 Artifacts
		2.4.3 Geological Record
			2.4.3.1 Sedimentary Rock Types
			2.4.3.2 Fossils
			2.4.3.3 Ice Cores
			2.4.3.4 Cave Deposits
	2.5 Climate of the Quaternary Period
		2.5.1 Pleistocene
		2.5.2 Holocene
	References
Chapter 3: Sources and Monitoring Tools of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Sources of GHGs
		3.2.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
		3.2.2 Methane (CH4)
		3.2.3 Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
		3.2.4 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
		3.2.5 Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6)
	3.3 Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories
	3.4 Greenhouse Gas Emission Estimation Methods
	3.5 Greenhouse Gas Monitoring
	3.6 CO2 Monitoring
	References
Chapter 4: Global Warming: Impacts of Temperature Escalation
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Climate Change Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems
		4.2.1 Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
		4.2.2 Impacts of Climate Change on Soil Salinization
		4.2.3 Impacts of Climate Change on Evapotranspiration
		4.2.4 Impact of Climate Change on Plants and Animals
		4.2.5 Impact of Climate Change on Weather
		4.2.6 Impact of Climate Change on Health
	4.3 Climate Change Impacts on Aquatic Ecosystem
		4.3.1 Climate Change Effect on the Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Ocean
		4.3.2 Changes in Physical Properties
		4.3.3 Changes in Water Temperature
		4.3.4 Melting of the Polar Ice
		4.3.5 Rising Sea Levels
		4.3.6 Changes to the Ocean’s Major Current Systems
		4.3.7 Changes in Chemical Properties
		4.3.8 Ocean Acidification
		4.3.9 Hypoxia
		4.3.10 The Vulnerability of Marine Organisms
			4.3.10.1 Coral Bleaching
		4.3.11 Vulnerability and Impact Assessment of Wetlands to Climate Change
	References
Chapter 5: Carbon Capture and Storage
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Strategies to Sequester Atmosphere Carbon Dioxide
	5.3 Carbon Sequestration by Vegetation
		5.3.1 Destructive Sampling Method
			5.3.1.1 Soil Organic Carbon
			5.3.1.2 Herb and Litter Biomass Estimation
			5.3.1.3 Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon
			5.3.1.4 Net Carbon Sequestration
		5.3.2 Non-destructive Sampling Method
			5.3.2.1 Soil Organic Carbon Density and SOC CO2 Mitigation
	References
Chapter 6: Future Climate Through the Window of Climate Models
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Analogues from Past Climate
	6.3 Climate Models
	6.4 Types of Climate Models
		6.4.1 Energy Balance Models (EBMs)
		6.4.2 Zero-Dimensional Models
		6.4.3 One-Dimensional Models
		6.4.4 Radiative-Convective Models
		6.4.5 General Circulation Models (GCMs)
		6.4.6 Diagnostic Climate Modeling
		6.4.7 Prognostic Climate Modeling
		6.4.8 Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models
	6.5 Greenhouse Gas Emission Scenarios
		6.5.1 The A1 Family
		6.5.2 The A2 Family
		6.5.3 The B1 Family
		6.5.4 The B2 Family
	6.6 Time-Dependent Models
	6.7 Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)
		6.7.1 RCP8.5
		6.7.2 RCP6
		6.7.3 RCP4.5
		6.7.4 RCP2.6
	References
Chapter 7: Societal Responses to Anthropogenic Climate Change
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Mitigation and Adaptation
	7.3 Climate Change Debates
		7.3.1 Kyoto Protocol
		7.3.2 Copenhagen Summit
		7.3.3 COP 27: Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, from 6 to 18 November 2022
	7.4 Role of Individual, State, and Civil Society for Sustainable Adaptation
		7.4.1 Role of Individuals to Slow Down Climate Change
		7.4.2 Role of State
		7.4.3 Role of Civil Society
	References
Chapter 8: Monitoring of Nutrient Pollution in Water
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Nutrients
	8.3 Nitrogen Compounds
		8.3.1 Ammonia
		8.3.2 Nitrate and Nitrite
		8.3.3 Organic Nitrogen
	8.4 Phosphorus Compounds
	8.5 Bio-monitoring
	References
Chapter 9: Impacts of Nutrient Pollution
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Sources
	9.3 Oxygen Depletion
	9.4 Weed Growth and Algal Blooms
	9.5 Ammonia Toxicity
	9.6 Fecal Matter Contamination
	9.7 Nitrate Toxicity
	References
Chapter 10: Phytoremediation of Nuisance Pollution
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Nutrient Trading
	10.3 Nutrient Source Appointment
	10.4 Phytoremediation: A Plant-Based Ecofriendly Technology
	References
Index