Physiology of behavior

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Preface......Page 18
Acknowledgments......Page 21
CONTENTS......Page 8
1 Introduction......Page 22
Understanding Human Consciousness: A Physiological Approach......Page 24
Split Brains......Page 25
Unilateral Neglect......Page 28
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 29
The Nature of Behavioral Neuroscience......Page 30
Biological Roots of Behavioral Neuroscience......Page 31
Functionalism and the Inheritance of Traits......Page 35
Evolution of the Human Species......Page 37
Evolution of Large Brains......Page 40
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 42
Ethical Issues in Research with Animals......Page 43
Careers in Neuroscience......Page 44
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 45
Strategies for Learning......Page 46
Explore the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab......Page 47
2 Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System......Page 48
Neurons......Page 50
Supporting Cells......Page 57
The Blood–Brain Barrier......Page 60
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 61
Neural Communication: An Overview......Page 62
Measuring Electrical Potentials of Axons......Page 64
The Membrane Potential: Balance of Two Forces......Page 66
The Action Potential......Page 67
Conduction of the Action Potential......Page 70
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 71
Communication Between Neurons......Page 72
Structure of Synapses......Page 73
Release of Neurotransmitter......Page 75
Activation of Receptors......Page 77
Postsynaptic Potentials......Page 78
Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials......Page 79
Autoreceptors......Page 81
Other Types of Synapses......Page 82
Nonsynaptic Chemical Communication......Page 83
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 84
Explore the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab......Page 86
3 Structure of the Nervous System......Page 87
Basic Features of the Nervous System......Page 88
Meninges......Page 91
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF......Page 92
Development of the Central Nervous System......Page 95
The Forebrain......Page 101
The Midbrain......Page 109
The Hindbrain......Page 110
The Spinal Cord......Page 112
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 113
Cranial Nerves......Page 114
The Autonomic Nervous System......Page 115
Exploring the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab......Page 119
4 Psychopharmacology......Page 120
Pharmacokinetics......Page 122
Drug Effectiveness......Page 124
Effects of Repeated Administration......Page 125
Placebo Effects......Page 126
Sites of Drug Action......Page 127
Effects on Production of Neurotransmitters......Page 128
Effects on Receptors......Page 129
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 131
Acetylcholine......Page 132
The Monoamines......Page 135
Amino Acids......Page 142
Peptides......Page 144
Lipids......Page 145
Nucleosides......Page 146
Soluble Gases......Page 147
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 148
Explore the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab......Page 150
5 Methods and Strategies of Research......Page 151
Producing Brain Lesions......Page 153
Stereotaxic Surgery......Page 155
Histological Methods......Page 156
Tracing Neural Connections......Page 160
Studying the Structure of the Living Human Brain......Page 163
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 165
Recording Neural Activity......Page 167
Recording the Brain\'s Metabolic and Synaptic Activity......Page 170
Stimulating Neural Activity......Page 172
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 175
Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals......Page 177
Localizing Particular Receptors......Page 178
Measuring Chemicals Secreted in the Brain......Page 179
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 180
Twin Studies......Page 181
Targeted Mutations......Page 182
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 183
Review Questions......Page 184
6 Vision......Page 185
The Stimulus......Page 187
The Eyes......Page 188
Photoreceptors......Page 190
Connections Between Eye and Brain......Page 192
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 194
Coding of Light and Dark......Page 195
Coding of Color......Page 197
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 201
Orientation and Movement......Page 202
Spatial Frequency......Page 203
Color......Page 205
Modular Organization of the Striate Cortex......Page 206
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 207
Two Streams of Visual Analysis......Page 208
Perception of Color......Page 211
Perception of Form......Page 212
Perception of Movement......Page 219
Perception of Spatial Location......Page 222
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 225
Exploring the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab......Page 227
7 Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses......Page 228
The Stimulus......Page 229
Anatomy of the Ear......Page 230
Auditory Hair Cells and the Transduction of Auditory Information......Page 232
The Auditory Pathway......Page 234
Perception of Pitch......Page 237
Perception of Timbre......Page 239
Perception of Spatial Location......Page 240
Perception of Complex Sounds......Page 244
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 247
Vestibular System......Page 248
Anatomy of the Vestibular Apparatus......Page 249
The Vestibular Pathway......Page 250
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 251
Anatomy of the Skin and Its Receptive Organs......Page 252
Perception of Cutaneous Stimulation......Page 253
The Somatosensory Pathways......Page 256
Perception of Pain......Page 258
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 263
The Stimuli......Page 264
Perception of Gustatory Information......Page 265
The Gustatory Pathway......Page 267
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 268
Anatomy of the Olfactory Apparatus......Page 269
Perception of Specific Odors......Page 271
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 274
Exploring the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab......Page 275
8 Control of Movement......Page 276
Skeletal Muscle......Page 277
Anatomy......Page 278
Sensory Feedback from Muscles......Page 279
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 281
The Gamma Motor System......Page 282
Polysynaptic Reflexes......Page 284
Control of Movement by the Brain......Page 285
Organization of the Motor Cortex......Page 286
Cortical Control of Movement: The Descending Pathways......Page 287
Planning and Initiating Movements: Role of the Motor Association Cortex......Page 289
Imitating and Comprehending Movements: Role of the Mirror Neuron System......Page 294
Control of Reaching and Grasping......Page 296
Deficits of Skilled Movements: The Apraxias......Page 297
The Basal Ganglia......Page 298
The Cerebellum......Page 303
The Reticular Formation......Page 306
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 307
Exploring the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab......Page 308
9 Sleep and Biological Rhythms......Page 309
A Physiological and Behavioral Description of Sleep......Page 310
Stages of Sleep......Page 311
Mental Activity During Sleep......Page 314
Insomnia......Page 315
Narcolepsy......Page 316
Problems Associated with Slow-Wave Sleep......Page 318
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 319
Functions of Slow-Wave Sleep......Page 320
Functions of REM Sleep......Page 322
Sleep and Learning......Page 323
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 324
Chemical Control of Sleep......Page 325
Neural Control of Arousal......Page 326
Neural Control of Slow-Wave Sleep......Page 329
Neural Control of REM Sleep......Page 332
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 335
Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgebers......Page 336
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus......Page 337
Control of Seasonal Rhythms: The Pineal Gland and Melatonin......Page 340
Changes in Circadian Rhythms: Shift Work and Jet Lag......Page 341
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 342
Exploring the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab......Page 343
10 Reproductive Behavior......Page 344
Production of Gametes and Fertilization......Page 345
Development of the Sex Organs......Page 346
Sexual Maturation......Page 349
Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles......Page 352
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals......Page 353
Effects of Pheromones......Page 355
Human Sexual Behavior......Page 359
Sexual Orientation......Page 361
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 366
Males......Page 367
Females......Page 369
Formation of Pair Bonds......Page 371
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 372
Maternal Behavior of Rodents......Page 373
Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior......Page 374
Neural Control of Maternal Behavior......Page 375
Neural Control of Paternal Behavior......Page 377
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 378
Exploring the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab......Page 379
11 Emotion......Page 380
Emotions as Response Patterns......Page 381
Fear......Page 382
Anger, Aggression, and Impulse Control......Page 386
Hormonal Control of Aggressive Behavior......Page 392
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 396
Communication of Emotions......Page 397
Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate Responses......Page 398
Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition......Page 399
Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Expression......Page 405
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 408
The James-Lange Theory......Page 409
Feedback from Emotional Expressions......Page 411
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 412
Exploring the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab......Page 413
12 Ingestive Behavior......Page 414
Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms......Page 415
Some Facts About Fluid Balance......Page 417
Two Types of Thirst......Page 418
Neural Mechanisms of Thirst......Page 422
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 423
Eating: Some Facts About Metabolism......Page 424
Signals from the Environment......Page 427
Signals from the Stomach......Page 428
Metabolic Signals......Page 429
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 430
Intestinal Factors......Page 431
Liver Factors......Page 432
Long-Term Satiety: Signals from Adipose Tissue......Page 433
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 434
Hypothalamus......Page 435
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 441
Possible Causes......Page 442
Treatment......Page 445
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 448
Anorexia Nervosa/Bulimia Nervosa......Page 449
Possible Causes......Page 450
Treatment......Page 452
Review Questions......Page 453
Exploring the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab......Page 454
13 Learning and Memory......Page 455
The Nature of Learning......Page 456
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 459
Induction of Long-Term Potentiation......Page 460
Role of NMDA Receptors......Page 462
Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity......Page 464
Long-Term Depression......Page 468
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 469
Learning to Recognize Stimuli......Page 470
Perceptual Short-Term Memory......Page 472
Classical Conditioning......Page 473
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 474
Basal Ganglia......Page 475
Reinforcement......Page 476
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 479
Human Anterograde Amnesia......Page 480
Spared Learning Abilities......Page 482
Declarative and Nondeclarative Memories......Page 483
Anatomy of Anterograde Amnesia......Page 485
Role of the Hippocampal Formation in Consolidation of Declarative Memories......Page 487
Episodic and Semantic Memories......Page 488
Spatial Memory......Page 489
Relational Learning in Laboratory Animals......Page 490
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 497
Exploring the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab......Page 499
14 Human Communication......Page 500
Lateralization......Page 501
Speech Production......Page 502
Speech Comprehension......Page 506
Aphasia in Deaf People......Page 515
Prosody: Rhythm, Tone, and Emphasis in Speech......Page 517
Stuttering......Page 518
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 520
Relation to Aphasia......Page 521
Pure Alexia......Page 522
Toward an Understanding of Reading......Page 524
Developmental Dyslexias......Page 530
Toward an Understanding of Writing......Page 532
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 534
Review Questions......Page 535
Exploring the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab......Page 536
15 Neurological Disorders......Page 537
Tumors......Page 538
Seizure Disorders......Page 540
Cerebrovascular Accidents......Page 543
Traumatic Brain Injury......Page 547
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 548
Toxic Chemicals......Page 549
Inherited Metabolic Disorders......Page 550
Down Syndrome......Page 551
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies......Page 552
Parkinson\'s Disease......Page 554
Huntington\'s Disease......Page 559
Alzheimer\'s Disease......Page 561
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis......Page 566
Multiple Sclerosis......Page 567
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 568
Disorders Caused by Infectious Diseases......Page 570
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 571
Exploring the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab......Page 572
16 Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders......Page 573
Description......Page 575
Heritability......Page 576
Pharmacology of Schizophrenia: The Dopamine Hypothesis......Page 577
Schizophrenia as a Neurological Disorder......Page 580
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 589
Description......Page 591
Biological Treatments......Page 592
Role of the 5-HT Transporter......Page 596
Role of the Frontal Cortex......Page 597
Role of Neurogenesis......Page 598
Role of Circadian Rhythms......Page 599
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 603
Exploring the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab......Page 604
17 Anxiety Disorders, Autistic Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Stress Disorders......Page 605
Panic Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Social Anxiety Disorder......Page 607
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder......Page 609
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 613
Description......Page 614
Possible Causes......Page 615
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 618
Description......Page 619
Possible Causes......Page 620
Stress Disorders......Page 622
Physiology of the Stress Response......Page 623
Health Effects of Long-Term Stress......Page 624
Effects of Stress on the Brain......Page 625
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder......Page 627
Psychoneuroimmunology......Page 630
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 633
Exploring the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab......Page 634
18 Drug Abuse......Page 635
A Little Background......Page 636
Positive Reinforcement......Page 637
Negative Reinforcement......Page 641
Craving and Relapse......Page 642
Commonly Abused Drugs......Page 645
Opiates......Page 646
Stimulant Drugs: Cocaine and Amphetamine......Page 647
Nicotine......Page 648
Alcohol......Page 652
Cannabis......Page 654
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 656
Heredity and Drug Abuse......Page 657
Therapy for Drug Abuse......Page 659
SECTION SUMMARY......Page 662
Exploring the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab......Page 664
REFERENCES......Page 666
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