Physiology at a Glance

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of abbreviations
About the companion website
Part 1: Introduction
	1: Homeostasis and the physiology of proteins
		Negative feedback control
		Protein form and function are protected by homeostatic mechanisms
	2: Body water compartments and physiological fluids
		Osmosis
		Body water compartments
		Intracellular versus extracellular fluid
		Interstitial fluid versus plasma
	3: Cells, membranes and organelles
		Protein-processing organelles
		Membranes and membrane proteins
		Mitochondria and energy production
	4: Membrane transport proteins and ion channels
		Carrier-mediated transport
		Ion channels
	5: Biological electricity
		The resting membrane potential
		The action potential
	6: Conduction of action potentials
		Saltatory conduction
		Fibre diameters and conduction velocities
		Classification of nerve fibres
		Compound action potentials
	7: The autonomic nervous system
		Sympathetic system
		Parasympathetic system
		Neurochemical transmission
	8: Blood
		Plasma proteins
		Red blood cells
		White blood cells
	9: Platelets and haemostasis
		Primary haemostasis
		Formation of the blood clot (coagulation)
		Inhibitors of haemostasis and fibrinolysis
	10: Defence: Inflammation and immunity
		Innate immune response
		Antibodies (immunoglobulins)
		Adaptive immune response
	11: Principles of diffusion and flow
		Diffusion and bulk flow
		Flow through a tube
		Wall tension and pressure in spherical or cylindrical containers
Part 2: Muscles
	12: Skeletal muscle and its contraction
		Skeletal muscle
		General mechanisms of skeletal  muscle contraction
		Fine structure of skeletal muscle
	13: Neuromuscular junction and whole muscle contraction
		Neuromuscular junction
		Whole muscle contraction
	14: Motor units, recruitment and summation
	15: Cardiac and smooth muscle
		Cardiac muscle
		Smooth muscle
		Contractile mechanisms of smooth muscle
Part 3: The cardiovascular system
	16: Introduction to the cardiovascular system
		Blood vessels
		The heart
		The systemic circulation
		The pulmonary circulation
	17: The heart
		Cardiac valves
		Cardiac pacemaker, conduction of the impulse and electrocardiogram
		Coronary circulation
	18: The cardiac cycle
		Ventricular pressure–volume loop
		The pulse
		Heart sounds
	19: Initiation of the heart beat and excitation–contraction coupling
		Cardiac muscle electrophysiology
		The sinoatrial node and origin of the  heart beat
		Excitation–contraction coupling
		Regulation of contractility: inotropic agents
	20: Control of cardiac output and Starling’s law of the heart
		Filling pressure and Starling’s law
		Importance of Starling’s law
		Autonomic nervous system
		Venous return and vascular  function curves
	21: Blood vessels
		Structure
		Regulation of function and  excitation–contraction coupling
		The endothelium
	22: Control of blood pressure and blood volume
		Acute regulation of the mean arterial blood pressure: the baroreceptor reflex
		Long-term regulation: control of blood volume
		Cardiovascular shock and haemorrhage
	23: The microcirculation, filtration and lymphatics
		Transcapillary exchange
		Filtration
		Lymphatics
		Oedema
	24: Local control of blood flow and special circulations
		Local control of blood flow
		Special circulations
Part 4: The respiratory system
	25: Introduction to the respiratory system
		Airways
		Epithelium and airway clearance
		Respiratory muscles
		Lung volumes and pressures
	26: Lung mechanics
		Lung compliance
		Surfactant and the alveolar  air–fluid interface
		Airway resistance
		Lung function tests
	27: Transport of gases and the gas laws
		Partial pressures and fractional concentrations
		Gases dissolved in body fluids
		Diffusion across the alveolar–capillary membrane
		Diffusion and perfusion limitation
	28: Carriage of oxygen and carbon dioxide by the blood
		Oxygen
		Carbon dioxide
		Hyperventilation and hypoventilation
	29: Control of breathing
		The brain stem and central  pattern generator
		Chemoreception
		Lung receptors
	30: Ventilation–perfusion matching and right to left shunts
		Ventilation–perfusion matching
		Effect of gravity
		Right to left shunts
Part 5: The renal system
	31: Introduction to the renal system
		Gross structure
		The nephron
		Renal circulation
		Hormones and the kidney
		Micturition
	32: Renal filtration
		Glomerular filtration
		Factors determining the glomerular filtration rate
		Measurement of the glomerular filtration rate and the concept of clearance
	33: Reabsorption, secretion and the proximal tubule
		Tubular transport processes
		Tubular transport maximum
		The proximal tubule
	34: The loop of Henle and distal nephron
		The loop of Henle
		The distal tubule and collecting duct
	35: Regulation of plasma osmolality and fluid volume
		Control of plasma osmolality
		Control of body fluid volume
		Renin, angiotensin and aldosterone
		Diuretics
	36: Control of acid–base status
		Buffers
		Proximal renal tubule
		Distal renal tubule
		Acid–base regulation and compensation
		K+ homeostasis and acid–base status
Part 6: The gut and metabolism
	37: Gastrointestinal tract: overview and the mouth
		Structure
		Saliva and mastication
		Swallowing
	38: Oesophagus and stomach
		Control of gastric secretions
	39: Small intestine
		Absorption of nutrients
		Fats and lipids
	40: The exocrine pancreas, liver and gallbladder
		The pancreas
		The liver
		Bile and the gallbladder
	41: Large intestine
		Defecation
		Gut microflora
Part 7: Endocrinology and reproduction
	42: Endocrine control
		Features of hormonal signalling
		Control of hormones
	43: Control of metabolic fuels
		Insulin and glucagon
		Diabetes mellitus
	44: The hypothalamus and pituitary gland
		The anterior pituitary and  intermediate lobe
		The posterior pituitary
		Pulsatile release of pituitary hormones
	45: Thyroid hormones and metabolic rate
		Synthesis and release
		Physiological roles of thyroid hormones
		Disorders of the thyroid gland
	46: Growth factors
		Growth factor families and their receptors
		Growth factors and cancer
	47: Somatic and skeletal growth
		Growth hormone
		Bone growth and remodelling
		Osteoporosis
	48: Control of plasma calcium
		Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
		Vitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
		Other hormones affecting calcium
	49: The adrenal glands and stress
		The adrenal medulla
		The adrenal cortex
	50: Endocrine control of reproduction
		Actions of gonadotrophins
		Hormonal contraceptives
	51: Sexual differentiation and function
		Sexual differentiation
		Puberty
		Sexual function
	52: Fertilization, pregnancy and parturition
		Fertilization
		Pregnancy
		Parturition
	53: Lactation
		Hormonal control
		Milk let down reflex
Part 8: The sensory and motor systems
	54: Introduction to sensory systems
		Sensation and perception
		Sensory pathways
	55: Sensory receptors
	56: Special senses: Taste and smell
		Gustation
		Olfaction
	57: Special senses: Vision
	58: Special senses: Hearing and balance
		Hearing
		Balance
	59: Motor control and the cerebellum
		Motor control
		The cerebellum
	60: Proprioception and reflexes
Part 9: Self-assessment
	Self-assessment MCQs
		Chapter 1: Homeostasis and the physiology of proteins
		Chapter 2: Body water compartments and physiological fluids
		Chapter 3: Cells, membranes and organelles
		Chapter 4: Membrane transport proteins and ion channels
		Chapter 5: Biological electricity
		Chapter 6: Conduction of action potentials
		Chapter 7: The autonomic nervous system
		Chapter 8: Blood
		Chapter 9: Platelets and haemostasis
		Chapter 10: Defence: Inflammation and immunity
		Chapter 11: Principles of diffusion and flow
		Chapter 12: Skeletal muscle and its contraction
		Chapter 13: Neuromuscular junction and whole muscle contraction
		Chapter 14: Motor units, recruitment and summation
		Chapter 15: Cardiac and smooth muscle
		Chapter 16: Introduction to the cardiovascular system
		Chapter 17: The heart
		Chapter 18: The cardiac cycle
		Chapter 19: Initiation of the heart beat and excitation–contraction coupling
		Chapter 20: Control of cardiac output and Starling’s law of the heart
		Chapter 21: Blood vessels
		Chapter 22: Control of blood pressure and blood volume
		Chapter 23: The microcirculation, filtration and lymphatics
		Chapter 24: Local control of blood flow and special circulations
		Chapter 25: Introduction to the respiratory system
		Chapter 26: Lung mechanics
		Chapter 27: Transport of gases and the gas laws
		Chapter 28: Carriage of oxygen and carbon dioxide by the blood
		Chapter 29: Control of breathing
		Chapter 30: Ventilation–perfusion matching and right to left shunts
		Chapter 31: Introduction to the renal system
		Chapter 32: Renal filtration
		Chapter 33: Reabsorption and secretion and the proximal tubule
		Chapter 34: The loop of Henle and the distal nephron
		Chapter 35: Regulation of plasma osmolality and fluid volume
		Chapter 36: Control of acid–base status
		Chapter 37: Gastrointestinal tract: overview and the mouth
		Chapter 38: Oesophagus and stomach
		Chapter 39: Small intestine
		Chapter 40: The exocrine pancreas, liver and gallbladder
		Chapter 41: Large intestine
		Chapter 42: Endocrine control
		Chapter 43: Control of metabolic fuels
		Chapter 44: The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
		Chapter 45: Thyroid hormones and metabolic rate
		Chapter 46: Growth factors
		Chapter 47: Somatic and skeletal growth
		Chapter 48: Control of plasma calcium
		Chapter 49: The adrenal glands and stress
		Chapter 50: Endocrine control of reproduction
		Chapter 51: Sexual differentiation and function
		Chapter 52: Fertilization, pregnancy and parturition
		Chapter 53: Lactation
		Chapter 54: Introduction to sensory systems
		Chapter 55: Sensory receptors
		Chapter 56: Special senses: Taste and smell
		Chapter 57: Special senses: Vision
		Chapter 58: Special senses: Hearing and balance
		Chapter 59: Motor control and the cerebellum
		Chapter 60: Proprioception and reflexes
	Answers to self-assessment MCQs
Appendix I: Comparison of the properties of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle
Appendix II: Normal physiological values
Index
The at a Glance series