Physics Part I

Physics Part I......Page 1
Selected Physical Constants......Page 2
Selected Physical Properties......Page 3
Half-Title......Page 5
Title-Page......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Preface......Page 9
Preface to 1960 Edition......Page 11
Contents......Page 15
1-1 Measurement......Page 25
1-2 Physical Quantities, Standards, and Units......Page 26
1-3 Reference Frames......Page 27
1-4 Standard of Length......Page 29
1-5 Standard of Time......Page 31
1-6 Systems of Units......Page 35
Questions......Page 36
Problems......Page 37
2-1 Vectors and Scalars......Page 39
2-2 Addition of Vectors, Geometrical Method......Page 40
2-3 Resolution and Addition of Vectors, Analytic Method......Page 42
2-4 Multiplication of Vectors......Page 47
2-5 Vectors and the Laws of Physics......Page 50
Questions......Page 51
Problems......Page 52
3-2 Particle Kinematics......Page 56
3-3 Average Velocity......Page 57
3-4 Instantaneous Velocity......Page 59
3-5 One-Dimensional Motion-Variable Velocity......Page 60
3-6 Acceleration......Page 62
3-8 One-Dimensional Motion-Constant Acceleration......Page 65
3-9 Consistency of Units and Dimensions......Page 69
3-10 Freely Falling Bodies......Page 72
3-11 Equations of Motion in Free Fall......Page 73
Questions......Page 75
Problems......Page 76
4-1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration......Page 81
4-2 Motion in a Plane with Constant Acceleration......Page 82
4-3 Projectile Motion......Page 83
4-4 Uniform Circular Motion......Page 88
4-5 Tangential Acceleration in Circular Motion......Page 93
4-6 Relative Velocity and Acceleration......Page 95
Questions......Page 97
Problems......Page 98
5-1 Classical Mechanics......Page 103
5-2 Newton's First law......Page 105
5-3 Force......Page 107
5-4 Mass; Newton's Second Law......Page 109
5-5 Newton's Third Law of Motion......Page 111
5-6 Systems of Mechanical Units......Page 114
5-7 The Force Laws......Page 116
5-8 Weight and Mass......Page 117
5-9 A Static Procedure for Measuring Forces......Page 119
5-10 Some Applications of Newton's Laws of Motion......Page 120
Questions......Page 127
Problems......Page 128
6-2 Frictional Forces......Page 133
6-3 The Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion......Page 140
6-4 Forces and Pseudo-Forces......Page 144
6-5 Classical Mechanics, Relativistic Mechanics, and Quantum Mechanics......Page 146
Questions......Page 149
Problems......Page 150
7-1 Introduction......Page 155
7-2 Work Done by a Constant Force......Page 156
7-3 Work Done by a Variable Force-One Dimensional Case......Page 160
7-4 Work Done by a Variable Force-Two-Dimensional Case......Page 163
7-5 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem......Page 165
7-6 Significance of the Work-Energy Theorem......Page 168
Problems......Page 170
8-2 Conservative Forces......Page 174
8-3 Potential Energy......Page 178
8-4 One-Dimensional Conservative Systems......Page 182
8-5 The Complete Solution of the Problem for One-Dimensional Forces Depending on Position Only......Page 186
8-6 Two and Three-Dimensional Conservative Systems......Page 190
8-7 Nonconservative Forces......Page 191
8-8 The Conservation of Energy......Page 194
8-9 Mass and Energy......Page 195
Questions......Page 198
Problems......Page 199
9-1 Center of Mass......Page 207
9-2 Motion of the Center of Mass......Page 213
9-3 Linear Momentum of a Particle......Page 215
9-4 Linear Momentum of a System of Particles......Page 216
9-5 Conservation of Linear Momentum......Page 217
9-6 Some Applications of the Momentum Principle......Page 219
9-7 Systems of Variable Mass......Page 222
Questions......Page 228
Problems......Page 229
10-1 What is a Collision?......Page 234
10-2 Impulse and Momentum......Page 236
10-3 Conservation of Momentum during Collisions......Page 237
10-4 Collisions in One Dimension......Page 239
10-5 The "True" Measure of a Force......Page 246
10-6 Collisions in Two and Three Dimensions......Page 247
10-7 Cross Section......Page 251
10-8 Reactions and Decay Processes......Page 255
Questions......Page 257
Problems......Page 258
11-1 Rotational Motion......Page 265
11-2 Rotational Kinematics-the Variables......Page 267
11-3 Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration......Page 269
11-4 Rotational Quantities as Vectors......Page 271
11-5 Relation between Linear and Angular Kinematics for a Particle in Circular Motion-Scalar Form......Page 275
11-6 Relation between Linear and Angular Kinematics for a Particle in Circular Motion-Vector Form......Page 277
Questions......Page 280
Problems......Page 281
12-2 Torque Acting on a Particle......Page 284
12-3 Angular Momentum of a Particle......Page 287
12-4 Systems of Particles......Page 290
12-5 Kinetic Energy of Rotation and Rotational Inertia......Page 292
12-6 Rotational Dynamics of a Rigid Body......Page 298
12-7 The Combined Translational and Rotational Motion of a Rigid Body......Page 306
Questions......Page 311
Problems......Page 313
13-1 Introduction......Page 319
13-2 The Top......Page 320
13-3 Angular Momentum and Angular Velocity......Page 323
13-4 Conservation of Angular Momentum......Page 329
13-5 Some Other Aspects of the Conservation of Angular Momentum......Page 334
13-6 Rotational Dynamics-A Review......Page 335
Questions......Page 337
Problems......Page 338
14-2 The Equilibrium of a Rigid Body......Page 344
14-3 Center of Gravity......Page 347
14-4 Examples of Equilibrium......Page 350
14-5 Stable, Unstable, and Neutral Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies in a Gravitational Field......Page 357
Problems......Page 359
15-1 Oscillations......Page 366
15-2 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator......Page 369
15-3 Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 372
15-4 Energy Considerations in Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 377
15-5 Applications of Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 381
15-6 Relation between Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion......Page 387
15-7 Combinations of Harmonic Motions......Page 390
15-8 Two-Body Oscillations......Page 392
15-9 Damped Harmonic Motion......Page 394
15-10 Forced Oscillations and Resonance......Page 396
Questions......Page 399
Problems......Page 400
16-1 Historical Introduction......Page 406
16-2 The Law of Universal Gravitation......Page 411
16-3 The Constant of Universal Gravitation, G......Page 412
16-4 Inertial and Gravitational Mass......Page 415
16-5 Variations in Acceleration Due to Gravity......Page 417
16-6 Gravitational Effect of a Spherical Distribution of Mass......Page 421
16-7 The Motions of Planets and Satellites......Page 425
16-8 The Gravitational Field......Page 428
16-9 Gravitational Potential Energy......Page 430
16-10 Potential Energy for Many-Particle Systems......Page 434
16-11 Energy Considerations in the Motions of Planets and Satellites......Page 436
16-12 The Earth as an Inertial Reference Frame......Page 437
16-13 The Principle of Equivalence......Page 438
Questions......Page 439
Problems......Page 441
17-1 Fluids......Page 447
17-2 Pressure and Density......Page 448
17-3 The Variation of Pressure in a Fluid at Rest......Page 449
17-4 Pascal's Principle and Archimedes' Principle......Page 454
17-5 Measurement of Pressure......Page 456
Questions......Page 458
Problems......Page 460
18-1 General Concepts of Fluid Flow......Page 464
18-2 Streamlines......Page 466
18-3 The Equation of Continuity......Page 467
18-4 Bernoulli's Equation......Page 469
18-5 Applications of Bernoulli's Equation and the Equation of Continuity......Page 472
18-6 Conservation of Momentum in Fluid Mechanics......Page 476
18-7 Fields of Flow......Page 477
Questions......Page 480
Problems......Page 482
19-1 Mechanical Waves......Page 487
19-2 Types of Waves......Page 488
19-3 Traveling Waves......Page 491
19-4 The Superposition Principle......Page 494
19-5 Wave Speed......Page 496
19-6 Power and Intensity in Wave Motion......Page 500
19-7 Interference of Waves......Page 502
19-8 Complex Waves......Page 505
19-9 Standing Waves......Page 507
19-10 Resonance......Page 512
Questions......Page 515
Problems......Page 516
20-1 Audible, Ultrasonic, and Infrasonic Waves......Page 521
20-2 Propagation and Speed of Longitudinal Waves......Page 522
20-3 Traveling Longitudinal Waves......Page 525
20-4 Standing Longitudinal Waves......Page 528
20-5 Vibrating Systems and Sources of Sound......Page 529
20-6 Beats......Page 534
20-7 The Doppler Effect......Page 536
Questions......Page 542
Problems......Page 543
21-1 Macroscopic and Microscopic Descriptions......Page 548
21-2 Thermal Equilibrium-The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics......Page 549
21-3 Measuring Temperature......Page 550
21-4 The Constant Volume Gas Thermometer......Page 553
21-5 Ideal Gas Temperature Scale......Page 554
21-6 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales......Page 557
21-7 The International Practical Temperature Scale......Page 558
21-8 Temperature Expansion......Page 559
Questions......Page 564
Problems......Page 565
22-1 Heat, a Form of Energy......Page 569
22-2 Quantity of Heat and Specific Heat......Page 571
22-3 Molar Heat Capacities of Solids......Page 574
22-4 Heat Conduction......Page 576
22-5 The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat......Page 578
22-6 Heat and Work......Page 579
22-7 The First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 584
22-8 Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 585
Questions......Page 590
Problems......Page 591
23-1 Introduction......Page 595
23-2 Ideal Gas-A Macroscopic Description......Page 596
23-3 An Ideal Gas-Microscopic Definition......Page 598
23-4 Kinetic Calculation of the Pressure......Page 599
23-5 Kinetic Interpretation of Temperature......Page 603
23-6 Intermolecular Forces......Page 606
23-7 Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas......Page 608
23-8 Equipartition of Energy......Page 613
Questions......Page 618
Problems......Page 619
24-1 Mean Free Path......Page 623
24-2 Distribution of Molecular Speeds......Page 626
24-3 Experimental Confirmation of the Maxwellian Distribution......Page 629
24-4 Brownian Motion......Page 632
24-5 The van der Waals Equation of State......Page 635
Questions......Page 639
Problems......Page 640
25-2 Reversible and Irreversible Processes......Page 643
25-3 The Carnot Cycle......Page 646
25-4 The Second Law of Thermodyna.mics......Page 650
25-5 The Efficiency of Engines......Page 653
25-6 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale......Page 655
25-7 Entropy-Reversible Processes......Page 657
25-8 Entropy-Irreversible Processes......Page 660
25-9 Entropy and the Second Law......Page 662
25-10 Entropy and Disorder......Page 664
Questions......Page 666
Problems......Page 668
I Relation between Linear and Angular Kinematics for a Particle Moving in a Plane......Page 671
II Polar Vectors and Axial Vectors......Page 675
III The Wave Equation for a Stretched String......Page 678
IV Derivation of Maxwell's Speed Distribution Law......Page 681
A Definition of Standards and Fundamental and Derived Physical Constants......Page 685
B Miscellaneous Terrestrial Data......Page 688
C The Solar System......Page 690
D Periodic Table of the Elements......Page 692
E The Particles of Physics......Page 693
F Symbols, Dimensions, and Units for Physical Quantities......Page 695
G Conversion Factors......Page 697
H Mathematical Symbols and the Greek Alphabet......Page 705
I Mathematical Formulas......Page 706
J Values of Trigonometric Functions......Page 709
K Nobel Prize Winners 1n Physics......Page 711
L The Gaussian System of Units......Page 714
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems......Page 717
Index......Page 725
Selected Numerical Constants......Page 735
Selected Conversion Factors......Page 736
Back Cover......Page 737