Physics of the Human Body (Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering)

Cover Page......Page 1
Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering......Page 3
Title Page......Page 4
ISBN 9783540296034......Page 5
Preface......Page 7
Contents......Page 12
1.1 Anatomical Terminology......Page 19
1.2 Motion in the Human Machine......Page 21
1.3 The Standard Human......Page 34
1.4 Scaling Relationships......Page 40
Problems......Page 44
2.1 Review of Forces, Torques, and Equilibrium......Page 55
2.2 Statics: Motion in One Plane and Levers......Page 58
2.3 Statics in the Body......Page 61
2.4 The Sense of Touch......Page 97
2.5 Diversion into the Units of Force and Pressure......Page 98
2.6 Summary......Page 100
Problems......Page 101
3.1 Kinematics and Musculature......Page 111
3.2 Standing......Page 113
3.3 Walking......Page 120
3.4 Running......Page 139
3.5 Jumping......Page 151
3.6 Throwing a Ball......Page 156
3.7 Other Types of Motion......Page 169
3.8 Collisions of the Human Body......Page 171
3.9 Sustained Acceleration......Page 188
Problems......Page 190
4 Mechanical Properties of the Body......Page 211
4.1 Material Components of the Body......Page 213
4.2 Elastic Properties......Page 219
4.3 Time-Independent Deviations in Hookean Materials......Page 226
4.4 Static Equilibrium of Deformable Bodies (Advanced Topic)......Page 236
4.5 Time-Dependent Deviations from Elastic Behavior: Viscoelasticity......Page 246
4.6 Viscoelasticity in Bone......Page 260
4.7 Bone Fractures......Page 262
4.8 Common Sports Injuries......Page 274
4.9 Avoiding Fractures and Other Injuries: Materials for Helmets......Page 277
4.10 Summary......Page 279
Problems......Page 280
5.1 Skeletal Muscles in the Body......Page 289
5.2 The Structure of Muscles......Page 294
5.4 Activating Muscles: Macroscopic View......Page 299
5.5 The Effect of Exercise......Page 308
5.7 Active/Tetanized Muscles: Microscopic View......Page 310
5.8 Hill Force–Velocity Curve......Page 316
5.9 The Sliding Filament Model: Nanoscopic View......Page 323
Problems......Page 328
6.1 Conservation of Energy and Heat Flow......Page 337
6.2 Energy Content of Body Fuel......Page 340
6.3 Energy Storage Molecules......Page 347
6.4 Metabolic Rates......Page 356
6.5 Loss of Body Heat......Page 379
6.6 Body Temperature......Page 395
Problems......Page 402
7.1 Characteristic Pressures in the Body......Page 423
7.2 Basic Physics of Pressure and Flow of Fluids......Page 426
7.3 Diffusion (Advanced Topic)......Page 444
7.4 Pressure and Flow in the Body......Page 446
7.5 Motion of Humans in Fluids......Page 449
Problems......Page 454
8.1 Overview of the Circulatory System and Cardiac Cycle......Page 461
8.2 Physics of the Circulation System......Page 472
8.3 Strokes and Aneurysms......Page 505
8.4 Modeling the Circulatory System and the Heart......Page 515
Problems......Page 529
9 Lungs and Breathing......Page 543
9.1 Structure of the Lungs......Page 544
9.2 The Physics of the Alveoli......Page 549
9.3 Physics of Breathing......Page 552
9.4 Volume of the Lungs......Page 555
9.5 Breathing Under Usual and Unusual Conditions......Page 557
9.6 Work Needed to Breathe......Page 565
Problems......Page 566
10.1 The Physics of Sound Waves......Page 573
10.2 Speech Production......Page 589
10.3 Hearing......Page 609
10.4 Other Vibrations in the Body......Page 634
Problems......Page 637
11.1 Structure of the Eye......Page 647
11.2 Focusing and Imaging with Lenses......Page 654
11.3 Imaging and Detection by the Eye......Page 668
11.4 Types of Vision Impairment......Page 704
11.5 Connections to Visual Perception......Page 706
11.6 Vision in Other Animals......Page 713
11.7 Summary......Page 716
Problems......Page 717
12 Electrical and Magnetic Properties......Page 731
12.1 Review of Electrical Properties......Page 732
12.2 Electrical Properties of Body Tissues......Page 736
12.3 Nerve Conduction......Page 738
12.4 Ion Channels, Hair Cells, Balance, Taste, and Smell......Page 761
12.5 Electrical Properties of the Heart......Page 764
12.6 Electrical Signals in the Brain......Page 773
12.7 Effects of Electric Shock......Page 774
12.8 Magnetic Properties......Page 775
12.10 Summary......Page 777
Problems......Page 778
13 Feedback and Control......Page 785
13.1 Basics of Feedback and Control......Page 786
13.2 Regulation of the Body......Page 789
Problems......Page 797
Appendix A Symbols and Units......Page 799
Appendix B Locator of Major Anatomical and Anthropometric Information......Page 805
Appendix C Differential Equations......Page 807
Appendix D Similar Model Systems......Page 817
Appendix E Biophysics of the Human Body......Page 823
Solutions to Selected Problems......Page 825
References......Page 833
Index......Page 863