Physics of Solar Planetary Environments: Proceedings Of the International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics, June 7-18,1976 Boulder, Colorado Volume II

Copyright......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Contents......Page 4
Foreward......Page 10
Introduction......Page 12
A SUMMARY OF OBSERVATIONS OF THE EARTH'S BOW SHOCK......Page 13
FARTH' S BOW SHOCK LOCATION......Page 14
STRUCTURE OF THE BOW SHOCK......Page 18
REFERENCES......Page 24
THEORY......Page 28
THE MERGING RATE......Page 34
GEOMAGNETIC STORMS......Page 35
SUBSTORM TRIGGERING......Page 36
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 37
REFERENCES......Page 39
INTRODUCTI ON......Page 43
OBSERVED MAGNETOPAUSE ENVIRONMENT......Page 44
OBSERVED MAGNETOPAUSE STRUCTURE......Page 45
THEORY OF THE CLOSED MAGNETOPAUSE......Page 49
THEORY OF THE OPEN MAGNETOPAUSE......Page 50
FRONT LOBE BOUNDARY LAYER......Page 51
CONCLUSION......Page 54
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......Page 55
REFERENCES......Page 57
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 60
2. GENERATION OF THE MAGNETOTAIL......Page 62
3. DISSIPATION OF THE MANGNETOTAIL......Page 67
4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 70
REFERENCES......Page 71
2, Field and particle observationsin the magnetotaila t Ix] ? 30 RE......Page 74
3. Field and particle observationsi n the magnetotail at Ixl ? 15 RE......Page 78
4. DiscuSsion and conclusion......Page 80
References......Page 82
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 84
2. RECONNECTION AND ACCELERATION IN THE TAIL......Page 91
3. THE STRUCTURE OF THE OUTER RADIATION ZONE......Page 98
REFERENCES......Page 106
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 110
2. DEPENDENCE OF THE VERTICAL COMPONENT OF THE POLAR CAP MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE IMF COMPONENTS......Page 111
3. THE EFFECT OF THE NORTHWARD IMF ON THE WINTER POLAR CAP......Page 115
4. SUMMARY......Page 116
REFERENCES......Page 117
INTRODUCTION......Page 119
MODELCAL CULATIONS......Page 121
NEW RESULTS......Page 123
COMPARISON WITH OBSERVATIONS......Page 127
FUTURE WORK......Page 128
REFERENCES......Page 130
THE DYNAMICS OF THE IONOSPHERE AND UPPER ATMOSPHERE......Page 132
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 133
2. WINDS IN THE LOWER THERMOSPHERE......Page 134
3. THE E-REGION DYNAMO......Page 141
4. THERMOSPHERIWC INDS MIDLATITUDES......Page 146
5. THERHOSPHERIACN D IONOSPHERICW INDS HIGH LATITUDES......Page 152
REFERENCES......Page 157
2. DIURNAL VARIATIONS OF PLASMAPAUSE HEIGHT......Page 202
3. THERMAL STRUCTURE OF THE PLASMASPHERE......Page 204
4. COLD PLASMA BETWEEN THE PLASMAPAUSE AND THE MAGNETOPAUSE......Page 207
5. DISCUSSION......Page 208
6. CONCLUSION......Page 211
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......Page 212
REFERENCES......Page 213
HOT PLASMAS IN THE EARTH'S MAGNETOSPHERE......Page 215
References......Page 228
RING CURRENT LOSS MECHANISMS AND COMPOSITION AS INFERRED FROM EQUATORIAL PITCH ANGLE DISTRIBUTIONS OBSERVE DDURING A STORM RECOVERY PHASE......Page 231
2. INTERACTIONS WITH ION-CYCLOTRON WAVES......Page 232
3. THE INCONSISTENCY BETWEEN PROTON CHARGE EXCHANGE AND THE 08SERVED RING CURRENT DECAY......Page 240
IV. SUMMARY......Page 244
REFERENCES......Page 245
ION COHPOSITION......Page 246
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 247
2. INITIAL DISCOVERY......Page 248
3. MEASUREMENTS WITH "SECOND GENERATION" INSTRUMENTS AT LOW ALTITUDES......Page 250
4. EQUATORIALM EASUREMENTS......Page 252
5. SUMMARY......Page 255
REFERENCE LIST......Page 256
THE ACCELERATION OF CHARGED PARTICLES AT LOW ALTITUDES......Page 260
3. THE LOCATION OF THESE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCES IS OFTEN, IF NOT ALWAYS, AT ALTITUDES BELOW 10000 KM ALONG THE MAGNETIC LINE OF FORCE......Page 265
6. IF A PARALLEL POTENTIAL DROP IS TO BE INVOKED TO EXPLAIN THOSE ELECTRONS CAUSING MOST DISCRETE AURORAL ARCS, THEN THE ELECTRON BEAM MUST HAVE UNDERGONE ANGLE AND ENERGY DIFFUSION AS WELL AS FREE ACCELERATION.......Page 266
REFERENCES......Page 268
SUBSTORM EFFECTS OBSERVED IN THE AURORAL PLASMA......Page 270
INSTRUMENTATION......Page 271
PARTICLE PRECIPITATION......Page 272
PLASMA CONVECTION......Page 273
TYPICAL SUBSTORM EFFECTS......Page 276
SUBSTORM ELECTRON ACCELERATION MECHANISMS......Page 286
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 287
REFERENCES......Page 288
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 290
II. ELECTROSTATIC TURBULENCE ON AURORAL FIELD LINES......Page 291
IV. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 298
REFERENCES......Page 300
THE ROLE OF MANMADE VLF SIGNALS AND NOISE IN WAVE-PARTICLE INTERACTIONS IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE......Page 302
Acknowledgements......Page 310
REFERENCES......Page 313
INTRODUCTION......Page 314
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 315
WAVES AND PLASMA DISTRIBUTION......Page 317
IONOSPHERE AND ATMOSPHERE TRANSMISSION......Page 320
AZIMUTHAL WAVE PROPAGATION......Page 321
EXTERNAL DRIVING SOURCE......Page 322
REFERENCES......Page 323
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 328
2. QUASI-STATIC AND DYNAMIC STATES IN TWO DIMENSIONS......Page 329
3. SOLAR APPLICATION......Page 332
4. MAGNETOSPHERIC SUBSTORMS......Page 333
5. FIELD-ALIGNED CURRENTS......Page 336
6. SUMMARY......Page 337
REFERENCES......Page 338
I. THE MAGNETIC FIELDS OF PLANETS......Page 342
II. THE CAUSES OF PLANETARY MAGNETISM......Page 347
III. DYNAMICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 356
REFERENCES......Page 359
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 366
2. OBSERVATIONS......Page 367
3. SUMMARY......Page 380
4. REFERENCES......Page 381
INTRODUCTION......Page 384
INSTRUMENTATION......Page 385
RESULTS OF OBSERVATIONS......Page 386
DISCUSSION......Page 392
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 394
REFERENCES......Page 395
INTRODUCT ION......Page 402
MARS-2 AND MARS-3 EXPERIMENT......Page 403
MARS-5 EXPERIMENT......Page 407
COMPARISON WITH GASDYNAMIC MODELS......Page 410
ON THE MARTIAN DIPOLE ORIENTATION......Page 412
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS......Page 413
MARTIAN MAGNETOSPHERE CONDITIONS......Page 414
A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE DIPOLE FIELDS OF THE EARTH AND MARS......Page 416
REFERENCES......Page 417
INTRODUCTION......Page 419
BOW SHOCK......Page 420
IONOSPHERE......Page 425
DISCUSSION......Page 430
REFERENCES......Page 431
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 434
2. ORBITS AND INSTRUMENTATION......Page 435
3. RESULTS OF MEASUREMENTS......Page 439
4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 444
REFERENCES......Page 447
INTRODUCTION......Page 448
CORPUSCULAR AND OPTICAL UMBRA, CORPUSCULAR PENUMBRA......Page 449
MAGNETOSHEATH AND NEAR-PLANETARY SHOCK WAVE......Page 452
DISCUSSION......Page 456
CONCLUSIONS......Page 460
REFERENCES......Page 461
INTRODUCTION......Page 463
2. MAGNETOSPHERE OBSERVATIONS DURING 1st MERCURY ENCOUNTER......Page 465
3. MAGNETOSPHERE OBSERVATIONS DURING THIRD MERCURY ENCOUNTER......Page 468
4. INTERPRETATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF OBSERVATIONS......Page 470
5. SUMMARY......Page 474
REFERENCES......Page 475
HISTORY OF SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL RELATIONS AS DEDUCED FROM SPACECRAFT AND GEOMAGNETIC DATA: SOLAR M REGIONS......Page 477
References......Page 487
INTRODUCTION......Page 488
RADIOCARBON......Page 489
THE MAUNDER MINIMUM......Page 492
A HISTORY OF THE SUN IN THE LAST 5000 YEARS......Page 494
AN INTERPRETATION OF THE MAJOR 14C EXCURSIONS......Page 497
THE SUN AND CLIMATE HISTORY......Page 498
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......Page 500
LONG-TERM ASPECTS OF MAGNETOSPHERIC VARIABILITY......Page 503
SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL VARIABILITY......Page 504
MAGNETOSPHERIC VARIABILITY......Page 510
POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS......Page 522
REFERENCES......Page 526
CAUSE-EFFECT INFERENCES IN GEOPHYSICAL STATISTICAL STUDIES......Page 535
EVIDENCE FOR SUN-WEATHER RELATIONS......Page 541
INTRODUCTION......Page 553
ENVIRONMENT RELATED OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS......Page 554
ENVIRONMENTAL DATA......Page 560
MATERIAL PARAMETERS......Page 563
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION......Page 564
REFERENCES......Page 565