Physics of Satellite Surface Charging: Causes, Effects, and Applications

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Foreword
Chapter 1. Overview
	1.1 What Is Spacecraft Charging?
	1.2 What Is Spacecraft Potential?
	1.3 Why Is Spacecraft Charging Important?
	1.4 Where Does Spacecraft Charging Occur?
	1.5 When Does Spacecraft Charging Occur?
	1.6 Electron and Ion Fluxes
	1.7 General References
	References
Chapter 2. Spacecraft Equilibrium Potential
	2.1 An Introductory Dialog
		2.1.1 Repelling of Like Charges
		2.1.2 Attraction of Opposite Charges
	2.2 Transient Charging
	2.3 Equilibrium Level
	2.4 Floating Potential
	2.5 Electron and Ion Energies in a Sheath
		2.5.1 Incoming Electrons
		2.5.2 Outgoing Electrons
		2.5.3 Incoming Positive Ions
		2.5.4 Outgoing Ions
	References
Chapter 3. Current Balance
	3.1 Langmuir's Attraction Formula
	3.2 Incoming Current
	3.3 Current Balance of Electron and Ion Currents
	3.4 Balance of Multiple Currents
Chapter 4. How to Measure Spacecraft Potential
	4.1 Energy Distribution
		4.1.1 Repelled Species
		4.1.2 Enhanced Graph
		4.1.3 Non-Maxwellian Distribution
	4.2 Instruments for Measuring Distributions
		4.2.1 Retarding Potential Analyzer
		4.2.2 Disadvantages of RPA
		4.2.3 Plasma Analyzer
		4.2.4 Long Booms
	References
Chapter 5. Secondary and Backscattered Electrons
	5.1 Secondary Electrons
	5.2 Backscattered Electrons
	5.3 Incoming and Outgoing Electron Fluxes
	5.4 Empirical Formulae of SEY and BEY
	5.5 Research Problems
	References
Chapter 6. Critical Temperature for the Onset of Spacecraft Charging
	6.1 Current Balance at the Onset of Spacecraft Charging
	6.2 Two Important Properties
	6.3 Integration Result
	6.4 Critical Temperature for Various Materials
	6.5 Evidence of the Existence of Critical Temperature
	6.6 Balance of Incoming and Outgoing Maxwellian Currents
	References
Chapter 7. Importance of Surface Conditions
	7.1 Main Reasons for Inaccuracy
	7.2 Secondary Electron Yield Formulae
	7.3 Surface Conditions
	7.4 Backscattered Electron Yield
	7.5 Applications to Spacecraft Surface Conditions
	References
Chapter 8. High-Level Spacecraft Potential
	8.1 Beyond the Critical Temperature
	8.2 Ion-Induced Secondary Electrons
	8.3 Kappa Distribution
	References
Chapter 9. Spacecraft Charging in Sunlight
	9.1 The Photoelectric Effect
	9.2 Photoelectron Emission
	9.3 Photoelectron Current
	9.4 Charging to Positive Potential
	9.5 Photoelectron Yield
	9.6 Surface Condition
		9.6.1 Important Property 1
		9.6.2 Important Property 2
	9.7 Differential Charging in Sunlight
	9.8 Possible Scenarios of Differential Charging
		9.8.1 Bi-Reflectance Surface Pair
		9.8.2 Eclipse Exit
	9.9 Summary
	References
Chapter 10. The Monopole-Dipole Model
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 The Monopole-Dipole Model
	10.3 Illustrative Examples
	10.4 Fraction of Electron Flux Escaping
	10.5 Evidence of Trapped Low-Energy Electrons
	10.6 "One-Third" Potential Ratio
	References
Chapter 11. The Question of Independence on Ambient Electron Density in Spacecraft Charging
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Onset of Charging in Maxwellian Plasma
	11.3 Charging to Finite Potentials in a Maxwellian Plasma
	11.4 Spacecraft Charging in Kappa Plasma
	11.5 Charging of Conducting Spacecraft in Sunlight
	11.6 Negative-Voltage Charging of a Conducting Spacecraft in Sunlight
	11.7 Charging in the Monopole-Dipole Model
	11.8 Double Maxwellian Distribution
	11.9 Charging in the Ionosphere
	11.10 Facets of Spacecraft Charging: Critical Temperature and the Question of Dependence of Ambient Electron Density
	References
Chapter 12. Spacecraft Charging Induced by Beam Emissions
	12.1 Brief Review
	12.2 Beam Emission
	12.3 Beam Return
	12.4 Supercharging
	12.5 The Driving Force and the Response
	12.6 Beam Divergence
	12.7 Beam Emission for Space Propulsion
	12.8 Spacecraft Damage by Beam Emission
	References
Chapter 13. Mitigation Methods
	13.1 Active and Passive Methods
	13.2 Field Emission of Electrons
	13.3 Disadvantage of Both Methods Using Electron Emission
	13.4 Low-Energy Ion Emission
	13.5 Low-Energy Plasma Emission
	13.6 Partially Conducting Paint
	13.7 Spray of Polar Molecules
	13.8 Mitigation by Using Mirrors
	13.9 Mitigation by Using LED
	References
Index