Physics of Ferroelectrics: A Modern Perspective

front-matter......Page 1
Introduction......Page 13
Switching and Hysteresis Loops......Page 14
Crystallographic Signature of Ferroelectricity......Page 18
Perovskite Oxides......Page 20
LiNbO3......Page 26
Layered Oxide Ferroelectrics......Page 27
Other Ferroelectric Oxide Families......Page 29
Magnetic Ferroelectric Oxides......Page 30
Nonbulk Ferroelectrics......Page 31
Pyroelectric and Piezoelectric Devices......Page 32
Ferroelectric Nanostructures......Page 33
Ferroelectric Device Fabrication Using Atomic Force Microscopy......Page 34
References......Page 35
Index......Page 41
Why is a Modern Approach Needed?......Page 43
Fallacy of the Clausius--Mossotti Picture......Page 44
Fallacy of Defining Polarization via the Charge Distribution......Page 46
How is Induced Polarization Measured?......Page 48
How is Ferroelectric Polarization Measured?......Page 50
Basic Prescriptions for a Theory of Polarization......Page 52
Formal Description of the Berry-Phase Theory......Page 53
Formulation in Continuous k-Space......Page 54
Formulation in Discrete k-Space......Page 56
The Quantum of Polarization......Page 58
Formal Polarization as a Multivalued Vector Quantity......Page 60
Mapping onto Wannier Centers......Page 62
Implications for Ferroelectrics......Page 64
Spontaneous Polarization......Page 65
Anomalous Dynamical Charges......Page 66
Piezoelectric Properties......Page 67
Polarization in an Applied Electric Field......Page 69
Interface Theorem and the Definition of Bound Charge......Page 70
Many-Body and Noncrystalline Generalizations......Page 73
Polarization in Kohn--Sham Density-Functional Theory......Page 74
Localization, Polarization, and Fluctuations......Page 75
Summary......Page 76
References......Page 77
Index......Page 79
Introduction......Page 81
General Phenomenology......Page 86
Second-Order (Continuous) Transition......Page 87
First-Order (Discontinuous) Transition......Page 88
Coupling to Strain......Page 91
Domains......Page 93
General Considerations......Page 96
The Polarization Correlation Function......Page 97
The Levanyuk--Ginzburg criterion......Page 98
Displacive and Order--Disorder Transitions......Page 100
Recent Developments in Bulk Ferroelectricity......Page 103
General Discussion......Page 104
The Polarization at the Boundary......Page 105
Depolarization Effects......Page 108
Misfit Epitaxial Strain......Page 112
Inhomogeneous Effects......Page 114
Summary and (Some) Open Questions......Page 116
References......Page 118
Index......Page 127
Introduction......Page 128
First-Principles Methods......Page 129
Results for Perovskite Oxide Compounds......Page 134
Ground-State Structure......Page 135
Phonons, Lattice Instabilities and Polarization......Page 138
Polarization--Strain Coupling......Page 147
Dielectric and Piezoelectric Responses......Page 148
Results at Nonzero Temperature......Page 151
Results for Other Ferroelectric Oxide Compounds......Page 154
Results for Solid Solutions......Page 157
Results for Defects......Page 161
Results for Surfaces, Thin Films, Superlattices, Nanowires and Nanoparticles......Page 163
Challenges and Prospects......Page 165
References......Page 167
Index......Page 184
Nicola A. Spaldin......Page 187
What Causes Ferroelectricity?......Page 189
What Causes Ferromagnetism?......Page 196
Domains......Page 200
Applications......Page 206
Magnetoresistive Random Access Memories......Page 208
Multiferroics......Page 210
The Scarcity of Ferromagnetic Ferroelectrics......Page 211
Magnetoelectric Coupling......Page 212
BiFeO3......Page 213
BiMnO3......Page 216
YMnO3......Page 218
Composites......Page 221
Outlook......Page 222
References......Page 223
Index......Page 228
Introduction......Page 230
Vacuum Chamber......Page 232
Temperature Control and Monitoring......Page 233
Pulsed Laser Deposition......Page 238
Laser......Page 239
Targets......Page 241
Ablation Process......Page 243
Film Growth Using PLD......Page 246
Sputtering Process......Page 249
The Sputtering of Insulators......Page 250
Process Gas......Page 251
Technical Considerations in Sputter Deposition......Page 253
Oxide Molecular Beam Epitaxy......Page 255
Hardware......Page 257
RHEED......Page 258
Fundamentals of Growth......Page 260
Alkaline-Earth Oxide Growth......Page 264
Perovskite Growth......Page 265
Substrates......Page 268
Applications of Epitaxial Oxide Thin Films......Page 280
Strain Engineering in Epitaxial Thin Films......Page 281
Strain in Superlattices......Page 282
Selected Examples of Material Combinations......Page 285
X-Ray Characterization of Superlattices......Page 288
Crystalline Oxides on Semiconductors (COS)......Page 290
Layer-Sequenced COS Growth......Page 292
How the Silicide Facilitates Epitaxy......Page 296
Conclusions......Page 300
References......Page 301
Index......Page 315
Size Effects in Ferroelectrics......Page 316
Size Effectsin the Ginzburg--Landau--Devonshire Theory......Page 317
Extrinsic Size Effects......Page 318
Effect of Screening......Page 319
Recent Experimental Work: Ultrathin Films on Metallic Electrodes......Page 321
Results of Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigations......Page 327
Other Similar Studies......Page 331
Scaling of the Coercive Field......Page 332
Thin Films on Insulating Substrates......Page 333
Superlattices......Page 335
Other Geometries......Page 337
Nanoparticles......Page 338
Self-Patterning......Page 339
Nanowires -- Nanorods......Page 340
References......Page 341
Index......Page 348
Introduction......Page 349
Ferroelectric Domain Wallsas Elastic Disordered Systems......Page 350
Static and Dynamic Behaviorof Elastic Disordered Systems......Page 351
Experimental Observation of Domain-Wall Creep......Page 354
Domain-Wall Creep in a Commensurate Potential......Page 357
Domain-Wall Creep in a Random Potential......Page 361
Experimental Observation of Domain-Wall Roughness......Page 364
Domain Walls in the Presence of Random-Bond Disorder and Dipolar Interactions......Page 367
Recent Studies of Ferroelectric Domain-Wall Dynamics......Page 368
Conclusions......Page 369
References......Page 370
Index......Page 372
Long-Qing Chen......Page 373
BaTiO3......Page 374
SrTiO3......Page 375
PbZr1-xTixO3 (PZT)......Page 376
LiTaO3 and LiNbO3......Page 378
SrBi2Nb2O9......Page 379
References......Page 380
Index......Page 381
Céline Lichtensteiger and Matthew Dawber......Page 382
References......Page 392
back-matter......Page 393