Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern, Chapters 1-46

Front Cover......Page p0001.djvu
Title Page......Page p0005.djvu
Copyright......Page p0006.djvu
Contents......Page p0010.djvu
About the Authors......Page p0015.djvu
Preface......Page p0016.djvu
To the Student......Page p0034.djvu
part 1 Mechanics......Page p0037.djvu
1 Physics and Measurement......Page p0038.djvu
1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time......Page p0039.djvu
1.2 Matter and Model Building......Page p0042.djvu
1.3 Dimensional Analysis......Page p0043.djvu
1.4 Conversion of Units......Page p0045.djvu
1.5 Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations......Page p0046.djvu
1.6 Significant Figures......Page p0047.djvu
2 Motion in One Dimension......Page p0056.djvu
2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed......Page p0057.djvu
2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed......Page p0060.djvu
2.3 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Velocity......Page p0063.djvu
2.4 Acceleration......Page p0065.djvu
2.5 Motion Diagrams......Page p0069.djvu
2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration......Page p0070.djvu
2.7 Freely Falling Objects......Page p0074.djvu
2.8 Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus......Page p0077.djvu
3.1 Coordinate Systems......Page p0091.djvu
3.2 Vector and Scalar Quantities......Page p0093.djvu
3.3 Some Properties of Vectors......Page p0094.djvu
3.4 Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors......Page p0097.djvu
4.1 The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors......Page p0109.djvu
4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration......Page p0112.djvu
4.3 Projectile Motion......Page p0115.djvu
4.4 Analysis Model: Particle in Uniform Circular Motion......Page p0122.djvu
4.5 Tangential and Radial Acceleration......Page p0124.djvu
4.6 Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration......Page p0126.djvu
5.1 The Concept of Force......Page p0139.djvu
5.2 Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames......Page p0141.djvu
5.3 Mass......Page p0142.djvu
5.4 Newton’s Second Law......Page p0143.djvu
5.5 The Gravitational Force and Weight......Page p0145.djvu
5.6 Newton’s Third Law......Page p0146.djvu
5.7 Analysis Models Using Newton’s Second Law......Page p0148.djvu
5.8 Forces of Friction......Page p0158.djvu
6.1 Extending the Particle in Uniform Circular Motion Model......Page p0175.djvu
6.2 Nonuniform Circular Motion......Page p0181.djvu
6.3 Motion in Accelerated Frames......Page p0183.djvu
6.4 Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces......Page p0186.djvu
7 Energy of a System......Page p0201.djvu
7.1 Systems and Environments......Page p0202.djvu
7.2 Work Done by a Constant Force......Page p0203.djvu
7.3 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors......Page p0205.djvu
7.4 Work Done by a Varying Force......Page p0207.djvu
7.5 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Kinetic Energy Theorem......Page p0212.djvu
7.6 Potential Energy of a System......Page p0215.djvu
7.7 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces......Page p0220.djvu
7.8 Relationship Between Conservative Forces and Potential Energy......Page p0222.djvu
7.9 Energy Diagrams and Equilibrium of a System......Page p0223.djvu
8 Conservation of Energy......Page p0235.djvu
8.1 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Energy)......Page p0236.djvu
8.2 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Energy)......Page p0238.djvu
8.3 Situations Involving Kinetic Friction......Page p0245.djvu
8.4 Changes in Mechanical Energy for Nonconservative Forces......Page p0250.djvu
8.5 Power......Page p0255.djvu
9 Linear Momentum and Collisions......Page p0270.djvu
9.1 Linear Momentum......Page p0271.djvu
9.2 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Momentum)......Page p0273.djvu
9.3 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Momentum)......Page p0275.djvu
9.4 Collisions in One Dimension......Page p0278.djvu
9.5 Collisions in Two Dimensions......Page p0286.djvu
9.6 The Center of Mass......Page p0289.djvu
9.7 Systems of Many Particles......Page p0294.djvu
9.8 Deformable Systems......Page p0297.djvu
9.9 Rocket Propulsion......Page p0299.djvu
10 Rotation of a Rigid Object About a Fixed Axis......Page p0313.djvu
10.1 Angular Position, Velocity, and Acceleration......Page p0314.djvu
10.2 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under Constant Angular Acceleration......Page p0316.djvu
10.3 Angular and Translational Quantities......Page p0317.djvu
10.4 Rotational Kinetic Energy......Page p0320.djvu
10.5 Calculation of Moments of Inertia......Page p0322.djvu
10.6 Torque......Page p0326.djvu
10.7 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under a Net Torque......Page p0327.djvu
10.8 Energy Considerations in Rotational Motion......Page p0331.djvu
10.9 Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object......Page p0335.djvu
11.1 The Vector Product and Torque......Page p0355.djvu
11.2 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Angular Momentum)......Page p0358.djvu
11.3 Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid Object......Page p0362.djvu
11.4 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Angular Momentum)......Page p0365.djvu
11.5 The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops......Page p0370.djvu
12.1 Analysis Model: Rigid Object in Equilibrium......Page p0384.djvu
12.2 More on the Center of Gravity......Page p0386.djvu
12.3 Examples of Rigid Objects in Static Equilibrium......Page p0387.djvu
12.4 Elastic Properties of Solids......Page p0394.djvu
13 Universal Gravitation......Page p0410.djvu
13.1 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation......Page p0411.djvu
13.2 Free-Fall Acceleration and the Gravitational Force......Page p0413.djvu
13.3 Kepler’s Laws and the Motion of Planets......Page p0415.djvu
13.4 The Gravitational Field......Page p0420.djvu
13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy......Page p0421.djvu
13.6 Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion......Page p0423.djvu
14 Fluid Mechanics......Page p0438.djvu
14.1 Pressure......Page p0439.djvu
14.2 Variation of Pressure with Depth......Page p0440.djvu
14.4 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’s Principle......Page p0444.djvu
14.5 Fluid Dynamics......Page p0448.djvu
14.6 Bernoulli’s Equation......Page p0451.djvu
14.7 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics......Page p0455.djvu
part 2 Oscillations and Mechanical Waves......Page p0469.djvu
15 Oscillatory Motion......Page p0470.djvu
15.1 Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring......Page p0471.djvu
15.2 Analysis Model: Particle in Simple Harmonic Motion......Page p0472.djvu
15.3 Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator......Page p0478.djvu
15.4 Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Uniform Circular Motion......Page p0481.djvu
15.5 The Pendulum......Page p0484.djvu
15.6 Damped Oscillations......Page p0487.djvu
15.7 Forced Oscillations......Page p0488.djvu
16 Wave Motion......Page p0501.djvu
16.1 Propagation of a Disturbance......Page p0502.djvu
16.2 Analysis Model: Traveling Wave......Page p0505.djvu
16.3 The Speed of Waves on Strings......Page p0509.djvu
16.4 Reflection and Transmission......Page p0512.djvu
16.5 Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves on Strings......Page p0513.djvu
16.6 The Linear Wave Equation......Page p0515.djvu
17 Sound Waves......Page p0524.djvu
17.1 Pressure Variations in Sound Waves......Page p0525.djvu
17.2 Speed of Sound Waves......Page p0527.djvu
17.3 Intensity of Periodic Sound Waves......Page p0529.djvu
17.4 The Doppler Effect......Page p0533.djvu
18 Superposition and Standing Waves......Page p0547.djvu
18.1 Analysis Model: Waves in Interference......Page p0548.djvu
18.2 Standing Waves......Page p0552.djvu
18.3 Analysis Model: Waves Under Boundary Conditions......Page p0555.djvu
18.5 Standing Waves in Air Columns......Page p0559.djvu
18.6 Standing Waves in Rods and Membranes......Page p0563.djvu
18.7 Beats: Interference in Time......Page p0564.djvu
18.8 Nonsinusoidal Wave Patterns......Page p0566.djvu
part 3 Thermodynamics......Page p0579.djvu
19.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics......Page p0580.djvu
19.2 Thermometers and the Celsius Temperature Scale......Page p0582.djvu
19.3 The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer and the Absolute Temperature Scale......Page p0583.djvu
19.4 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids......Page p0585.djvu
19.5 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas......Page p0590.djvu
20 The First Law of Thermodynamics......Page p0601.djvu
20.1 Heat and Internal Energy......Page p0602.djvu
20.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry......Page p0604.djvu
20.3 Latent Heat......Page p0608.djvu
20.4 Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes......Page p0612.djvu
20.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics......Page p0614.djvu
20.6 Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics......Page p0615.djvu
20.7 Energy Transfer Mechanisms in Thermal Processes......Page p0619.djvu
21 The Kinetic Theory of Gases......Page p0635.djvu
21.1 Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas......Page p0636.djvu
21.2 Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas......Page p0640.djvu
21.3 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas......Page p0643.djvu
21.4 The Equipartition of Energy......Page p0645.djvu
21.5 Distribution of Molecular Speeds......Page p0648.djvu
22 Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page p0661.djvu
22.1 Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page p0662.djvu
22.2 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators......Page p0664.djvu
22.3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes......Page p0667.djvu
22.4 The Carnot Engine......Page p0668.djvu
22.5 Gasoline and Diesel Engines......Page p0672.djvu
22.6 Entropy......Page p0674.djvu
22.7 Entropy and the Second Law......Page p0677.djvu
22.8 Entropy on a Microscopic Scale......Page p0679.djvu
part 4 Electricity and Magnetism......Page p0693.djvu
23.1 Properties of Electric Charges......Page p0694.djvu
23.2 Charging Objects by Induction......Page p0696.djvu
23.3 Coulomb’s Law......Page p0697.djvu
23.4 The Electric Field......Page p0703.djvu
23.5 Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution......Page p0706.djvu
23.6 Electric Field Lines......Page p0711.djvu
23.7 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Electric Field......Page p0713.djvu
24.1 Electric Flux......Page p0726.djvu
24.2 Gauss’s Law......Page p0729.djvu
24.3 Application of Gauss’s Law to Various Charge Distributions......Page p0732.djvu
24.4 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium......Page p0735.djvu
25 Electric Potential......Page p0746.djvu
25.1 Electric Potential and Potential Difference......Page p0747.djvu
25.2 Potential Difference in a Uniform Electric Field......Page p0748.djvu
25.3 Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges......Page p0751.djvu
25.4 Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field from the Electric Potential......Page p0755.djvu
25.5 Electric Potential Due to Continuous Charge Distributions......Page p0757.djvu
25.6 Electric Potential Due to a Charged Conductor......Page p0761.djvu
25.7 The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment......Page p0764.djvu
25.8 Applications of Electrostatics......Page p0765.djvu
26.1 Definition of Capacitance......Page p0776.djvu
26.2 Calculating Capacitance......Page p0778.djvu
26.3 Combinations of Capacitors......Page p0781.djvu
26.4 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor......Page p0785.djvu
26.5 Capacitors with Dielectrics......Page p0789.djvu
26.6 Electric Dipole in an Electric Field......Page p0792.djvu
26.7 An Atomic Description of Dielectrics......Page p0794.djvu
27 Current and Resistance......Page p0807.djvu
27.1 Electric Current......Page p0808.djvu
27.2 Resistance......Page p0810.djvu
27.3 A Model for Electrical Conduction......Page p0815.djvu
27.4 Resistance and Temperature......Page p0816.djvu
27.5 Superconductors......Page p0817.djvu
27.6 Electrical Power......Page p0818.djvu
28.1 Electromotive Force......Page p0830.djvu
28.2 Resistors in Series and Parallel......Page p0833.djvu
28.3 Kirchhoff’s Rules......Page p0840.djvu
28.4 RC Circuits......Page p0843.djvu
28.5 Household Wiring and Electrical Safety......Page p0849.djvu
29 Magnetic Fields......Page p0865.djvu
29.1 Magnetic Fields and Forces......Page p0866.djvu
29.2 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field......Page p0871.djvu
29.3 Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field......Page p0875.djvu
29.4 Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying Conductor......Page p0877.djvu
29.5 Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field......Page p0879.djvu
29.6 The Hall Effect......Page p0883.djvu
30.1 The Biot–Savart Law......Page p0898.djvu
30.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors......Page p0903.djvu
30.3 Ampère’s Law......Page p0905.djvu
30.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid......Page p0909.djvu
30.5 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism......Page p0911.djvu
30.6 Magnetism in Matter......Page p0913.djvu
31.1 Faraday’s Law of Induction......Page p0929.djvu
31.2 Motional emf......Page p0934.djvu
31.3 Lenz’s Law......Page p0938.djvu
31.4 Induced emf and Electric Fields......Page p0941.djvu
31.5 Generators and Motors......Page p0943.djvu
31.6 Eddy Currents......Page p0947.djvu
32.1 Self-Induction and Inductance......Page p0963.djvu
32.2 RL Circuits......Page p0965.djvu
32.3 Energy in a Magnetic Field......Page p0969.djvu
32.4 Mutual Inductance......Page p0971.djvu
32.5 Oscillations in an LC Circuit......Page p0972.djvu
32.6 The RLC Circuit......Page p0977.djvu
33 Alternating-Current Circuits......Page p0989.djvu
33.2 Resistors in an AC Circuit......Page p0990.djvu
33.3 Inductors in an AC Circuit......Page p0993.djvu
33.4 Capacitors in an AC Circuit......Page p0995.djvu
33.5 The RLC Series Circuit......Page p0998.djvu
33.6 Power in an AC Circuit......Page p1001.djvu
33.7 Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit......Page p1003.djvu
33.8 The Transformer and Power Transmission......Page p1005.djvu
33.9 Rectifiers and Filters......Page p1008.djvu
34 Electromagnetic Waves......Page p1019.djvu
34.1 Displacement Current and the General Form of Ampère’s Law......Page p1020.djvu
34.2 Maxwell’s Equations and Hertz’s Discoveries......Page p1022.djvu
34.3 Plane Electromagnetic Waves......Page p1024.djvu
34.4 Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves......Page p1028.djvu
34.5 Momentum and Radiation Pressure......Page p1030.djvu
34.6 Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna......Page p1032.djvu
34.7 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves......Page p1033.djvu
part 5 Light and Optics......Page p1045.djvu
35.1 The Nature of Light......Page p1046.djvu
35.2 Measurements of the Speed of Light......Page p1047.djvu
35.4 Analysis Model: Wave Under Reflection......Page p1049.djvu
35.5 Analysis Model: Wave Under Refraction......Page p1053.djvu
35.6 Huygens’s Principle......Page p1058.djvu
35.7 Dispersion......Page p1060.djvu
35.8 Total Internal Reflection......Page p1061.djvu
36 Image Formation......Page p1076.djvu
36.1 Images Formed by Flat Mirrors......Page p1077.djvu
36.2 Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors......Page p1079.djvu
36.3 Images Formed by Refraction......Page p1086.djvu
36.4 Images Formed by Thin Lenses......Page p1090.djvu
36.5 Lens Aberrations......Page p1099.djvu
36.6 The Camera......Page p1100.djvu
36.7 The Eye......Page p1102.djvu
36.8 The Simple Magnifier......Page p1104.djvu
36.9 The Compound Microscope......Page p1106.djvu
36.10 The Telescope......Page p1107.djvu
37.1 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment......Page p1120.djvu
37.2 Analysis Model: Waves in Interference......Page p1123.djvu
37.3 Intensity Distribution of the Double-Slit Interference Pattern......Page p1126.djvu
37.4 Change of Phase Due to Reflection......Page p1128.djvu
37.5 Interference in Thin Films......Page p1129.djvu
37.6 The Michelson Interferometer......Page p1133.djvu
38 Diffraction Patterns and Polarization......Page p1147.djvu
38.2 Diffraction Patterns from Narrow Slits......Page p1148.djvu
38.3 Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular Apertures......Page p1153.djvu
38.4 The Diffraction Grating......Page p1156.djvu
38.5 Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals......Page p1161.djvu
38.6 Polarization of Light Waves......Page p1163.djvu
part 6 Modern Physics......Page p1179.djvu
39 Relativity......Page p1180.djvu
39.1 The Principle of Galilean Relativity......Page p1181.djvu
39.2 The Michelson–Morley Experiment......Page p1184.djvu
39.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity......Page p1186.djvu
39.4 Consequences of the Special Theory of Relativity......Page p1187.djvu
39.5 The Lorentz Transformation Equations......Page p1198.djvu
39.6 The Lorentz Velocity Transformation Equations......Page p1200.djvu
39.7 Relativistic Linear Momentum......Page p1203.djvu
39.8 Relativistic Energy......Page p1204.djvu
39.9 Mass and Energy......Page p1208.djvu
39.10 The General Theory of Relativity......Page p1209.djvu
40 Introduction to Quantum Physics......Page p1221.djvu
40.1 Blackbody Radiation and Planck’s Hypothesis......Page p1222.djvu
40.2 The Photoelectric Effect......Page p1228.djvu
40.3 The Compton Effect......Page p1233.djvu
40.4 The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves......Page p1236.djvu
40.5 The Wave Properties of Particles......Page p1237.djvu
40.6 A New Model: The Quantum Particle......Page p1240.djvu
40.7 The Double-Slit Experiment Revisited......Page p1243.djvu
40.8 The Uncertainty Principle......Page p1244.djvu
41 Quantum Mechanics......Page p1255.djvu
41.1 The Wave Function......Page p1256.djvu
41.2 Analysis Model: Quantum Particle Under Boundary Conditions......Page p1260.djvu
41.3 The Schrödinger Equation......Page p1266.djvu
41.4 A Particle in a Well of Finite Height......Page p1268.djvu
41.5 Tunneling Through a Potential Energy Barrier......Page p1270.djvu
41.6 Applications of Tunneling......Page p1271.djvu
41.7 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator......Page p1275.djvu
42 Atomic Physics......Page p1287.djvu
42.1 Atomic Spectra of Gases......Page p1288.djvu
42.2 Early Models of the Atom......Page p1290.djvu
42.3 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom......Page p1291.djvu
42.4 The Quantum Model of the Hydrogen Atom......Page p1296.djvu
42.5 The Wave Functions for Hydrogen......Page p1299.djvu
42.6 Physical Interpretation of the Quantum Numbers......Page p1302.djvu
42.7 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table......Page p1308.djvu
42.8 More on Atomic Spectra: Visible and X-Ray......Page p1312.djvu
42.9 Spontaneous and Stimulated Transitions......Page p1315.djvu
42.10 Lasers......Page p1317.djvu
43 Molecules and Solids......Page p1331.djvu
43.1 Molecular Bonds......Page p1332.djvu
43.2 Energy States and Spectra of Molecules......Page p1335.djvu
43.3 Bonding in Solids......Page p1343.djvu
43.4 Free-Electron Theory of Metals......Page p1346.djvu
43.5 Band Theory of Solids......Page p1349.djvu
43.6 Electrical Conduction in Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors......Page p1351.djvu
43.7 Semiconductor Devices......Page p1354.djvu
43.8 Superconductivity......Page p1360.djvu
44 Nuclear Structure......Page p1372.djvu
44.1 Some Properties of Nuclei......Page p1373.djvu
44.2 Nuclear Binding Energy......Page p1378.djvu
44.3 Nuclear Models......Page p1379.djvu
44.4 Radioactivity......Page p1382.djvu
44.5 The Decay Processes......Page p1386.djvu
44.6 Natural Radioactivity......Page p1396.djvu
44.7 Nuclear Reactions......Page p1397.djvu
44.8 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page p1398.djvu
45.1 Interactions Involving Neutrons......Page p1410.djvu
45.2 Nuclear Fission......Page p1411.djvu
45.3 Nuclear Reactors......Page p1413.djvu
45.4 Nuclear Fusion......Page p1417.djvu
45.5 Radiation Damage......Page p1424.djvu
45.6 Radiation Detectors......Page p1426.djvu
45.7 Uses of Radiation......Page p1429.djvu
46 Particle Physics and Cosmology......Page p1441.djvu
46.1 The Fundamental Forces in Nature......Page p1442.djvu
46.2 Positrons and Other Antiparticles......Page p1443.djvu
46.3 Mesons and the Beginning of Particle Physics......Page p1445.djvu
46.4 Classification of Particles......Page p1447.djvu
46.5 Conservation Laws......Page p1449.djvu
46.6 Strange Particles and Strangeness......Page p1452.djvu
46.7 Finding Patterns in the Particles......Page p1454.djvu
46.8 Quarks......Page p1456.djvu
46.9 Multicolored Quarks......Page p1459.djvu
46.10 The Standard Model......Page p1460.djvu
46.11 The Cosmic Connection......Page p1462.djvu
46.12 Problems and Perspectives......Page p1467.djvu
A.1 Conversion Factors......Page p1477.djvu
A.2 Symbols, Dimensions, and Units of Physical Quantities......Page p1478.djvu
B.1: Scientific Notation......Page p1480.djvu
B.2: Algebra......Page p1481.djvu
B.3: Geometry......Page p1486.djvu
B.4: Trigonometry......Page p1487.djvu
B.6: Differential Calculus......Page p1489.djvu
B.7: Integral Calculus......Page p1492.djvu
B.8: Propagation of Uncertainty......Page p1495.djvu
Appendix C: Periodic Table of the Elements......Page p1498.djvu
D.2 Some Derived SI Units......Page p1500.djvu
Answers to Quick Quizzes and Odd-Numbered Problems......Page p1501.djvu
Index......Page p1531.djvu