Physics and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior: Crust, Mantle, and Core

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Foreword......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
Table of Contents......Page 12
1 Geophysical and Experimental Petrological Studies of the Earth’s Interior......Page 16
1.1 Introduction......Page 17
1.2.1 The Continental Crust......Page 18
1.3.1 Peridotite with Compositions Similar to Chondritic Meteorite as a Possible Mantle Material......Page 21
1.3.2.1 Investigation of the system Mg2SiO4 - Fe2SiO4 at high pressure and temperature: its significance with reference to 400 km discontinuity......Page 23
1.3.2.2 High pressure-temperature stability of MgSiO3 system......Page 25
1.3.2.3 The MgSiO3 - FeSiO3 system......Page 26
1.3.2.4 Pressure-temperature phase relations in CaMgSi2O6......Page 27
1.3.2.5 Pressure-temperature stability of garnet......Page 28
1.3.2.6 Phase transitions of (Mg, Fe)O......Page 29
1.3.3.1 Experimental study on a natural peridotite under high pressure and temperature......Page 30
1.3.3.3 Study of Allende meteorites under lower mantle P-T condition......Page 31
1.3.4 Mantle Heterogeneity......Page 32
1.3.5 Water Content in the Mantle......Page 33
1.3.6 The D” Layer......Page 35
1.4 Core of the Earth......Page 38
1.5 References......Page 39
2 Modelling of Metamorphic Textures with C-Space: Evidence of Pan-African High-grade Reworking in the Eastern Ghats Belt, India......Page 44
2.2 The Chilka Lake Anorthosite Complex (CLAC)......Page 45
2.3.1 Sample #2K-28......Page 46
2.3.2 Sample #CM10-2b......Page 47
2.4.1 Theory......Page 48
2.4.2 Application of the C-Space Programme to Meta-anorthosite of the CLAC......Page 49
2.4.2.2 Reaction modelling in sample #CM10-2b......Page 50
2.5 Discussion......Page 51
2.6 References......Page 52
Appendix 1......Page 53
Appendix 2......Page 54
3 Orogenic Processes in Collisional Tectonics with Special Reference to the Himalayan Mountain Chain: A Review of Theoretical and Experimental Models......Page 56
3.1 Introduction......Page 57
3.2.1 Orogen Topography......Page 58
3.2.2 Geological Setting......Page 59
3.2.3 Ductile Deformational Structures and Strain......Page 60
3.2.3.1 Global strain field......Page 61
3.2.3.2 Ductile structures in thrust sheets......Page 63
3.2.3.3 Ductile deformation in shear zones......Page 64
3.2.4 Large-scale Fault Systems......Page 66
3.3.1 Surface Velocity......Page 67
3.3.2 Deep-crustal Flow......Page 69
3.4.2 Coulomb Wedge Models......Page 72
3.4.4 Viscous Wedge Model......Page 75
3.5.2 Problem of Basement Shortening......Page 77
3.6 Concluding Remarks......Page 78
3.7 References......Page 79
4 Some Remarks on Melting and Extreme Metamorphism of Crustal Rocks......Page 82
4.2 Melting at the Extremes of the Metamorphic P-T Realm......Page 83
4.3 Sources of Heat for High-grade Crustal Metamorphism and Melting......Page 84
4.5 The Mechanism of Melt Extraction and Ascent in Continental Crust......Page 85
4.6.2 Wet Melting......Page 86
4.6.3 Hydrate-breakdown Melting......Page 87
4.6.4 Implications for the Trace Element Chemistry of Melts, and for Zircon and Monazite Chronology in High-grade Metamorphic Rocks......Page 88
4.7.1 Methodology......Page 89
4.7.2 Modelling Melting of a Pelite Protolith Composition......Page 90
4.7.3 Modelling Melting of a Peraluminous Greywacke Protolith Composition......Page 93
4.7.4 Limitations of the Modelling......Page 95
4.8.2 An Example: Interpretation of UHT Metamorphic Rocks from the Basement of the Peruvian Andes......Page 96
4.9 Directions for Future Research......Page 97
4.10 References......Page 98
5 Closure Temperature, Cooling Age and High Temperature Thermochronology......Page 104
5.1 Introduction......Page 105
5.2.1 General Concept......Page 106
5.2.2 Dodson Formulation......Page 107
5.2.3 Extension of Dodson Formulation by Ganguly and Tirone......Page 108
5.2.4 Effects of Modal Abundance and Nature of Matrix Phase......Page 109
5.3.2 Spatial Variation of Age Within a Crystal......Page 110
5.4 Selection of Mineral Grains for Dating......Page 112
5.6 References......Page 113
6 Thermobarometry Gone Astray......Page 116
6.2.1 Chlorite Thermometry......Page 117
6.2.1.1 Basis of the chlorite thermometer......Page 118
6.2.1.3 TEM studies of low T “chlorite”......Page 119
6.2.1.4 Phase equilibria for the chlorite thermometer......Page 120
6.2.1.5 Applications of chlorite thermometry......Page 121
6.2.2.1 Experimental calibration of the hornblende barometer......Page 123
6.2.2.2 Other reactions for the hornblende barometer......Page 124
6.2.3.1 Biotite Ti thermometry......Page 125
6.2.3.1.2 Applications of the biotite Ti thermometer......Page 127
6.2.4.1 Sassi phengite barometry......Page 128
6.2.4.3 Vidal phengite barometry......Page 129
6.2.4.4 Applications of phengite barometry......Page 130
6.2.5.1 TEM observations of clay minerals......Page 132
6.2.6 Transformations in CarbonaceousMaterials......Page 133
6.3.1 Rutile Thermobarometer......Page 134
6.3.2.2 TiO2 activity in volcanic rocks......Page 136
6.3.2.3 Other calibrations of the zircon thermometer......Page 137
6.3.3 Quartz Ti Thermometer (TitaniQ)......Page 138
6.3.3.2 Applications of TitaniQ......Page 139
6.3.4 Sphene Thermobarometer......Page 140
6.3.7 Partition of Zr and Ti Between Zircon and Rutile......Page 141
6.5 Discussion......Page 142
6.6 References......Page 143
7 On Fluids in the Dynamic Earth......Page 150
7.2 Evidence for Ancient Fluid Pathways......Page 151
7.4 Plumes as Gigantic Pipes to Transport Fluids......Page 152
7.5 Entrance and Exit of Fluids......Page 153
7.6 Movement of Volatiles......Page 154
7.7 References......Page 156
8 Laboratory Measurements of Ultrasonic Wave Velocities of Crustal Rocks at High Pressures and Temperatures: Petrological Structure of Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc Crust......Page 158
8.2 Experimental Techniques of Ultrasonic Wave Velocity Measurements......Page 159
8.2.2 Pulse Reflection Technique with Pure-Mode Transducers......Page 160
8.3 Constraints on Crustal Composition of IBM Island Arc......Page 161
8.3.2 Velocity Structure......Page 162
8.3.4 Arc Crustal Lithology......Page 163
8.3.5 Sub-moho Lithology......Page 164
8.4 References......Page 165
9 Seismic Imaging of the Mantle Discontinuities Beneath India: From Archean Cratons to Himalayan Subduction Zone......Page 168
9.1 Introduction......Page 169
9.2 Geological and Geophysical Framework......Page 170
9.3 Data and Methodology......Page 171
9.4.3 475 km Discontinuity......Page 173
9.5 Conclusion......Page 174
9.6 References......Page 175
10 Models for Constraining Thermal Structure of the Indian Crust......Page 178
10.2 The Heat Conduction Equation......Page 179
10.3 Steady State Thermal Models......Page 180
10.4.1 Evolution of Initial Thermal Fields......Page 181
10.4.2 Basal Heating......Page 182
10.4.4 Transient Uplift/Erosion Effects......Page 183
10.5 Applications to the Indian Regions......Page 184
10.7 References......Page 186
11 Convection in the Earth’s Mantle......Page 190
11.2 Governing Equations......Page 191
11.5.1 Effect of Viscosity Variations......Page 193
11.5.2 Whole Versus Layered Mantle Convection......Page 194
11.5.4 Plume Mode of Convection......Page 195
11.7 References......Page 197
12 Post-perovskite Phase: Findings, Structure and Property......Page 200
12.2 Stability of Silicate Perovskite and the Discovery of Post-perovskite Phase......Page 201
12.3 Structure of Post-perovskite......Page 202
12.4 Properties of Post-perovskite......Page 203
12.5 References......Page 204
Important Images of the Volume......Page 205