Physics

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the New Authors
Dear Students and Instructors
Brief Contents
CONTENTS (with direct page links)
1. Introduction and Mathematical Concepts
	1.1 The Nature of Physics
	1.2 Units
	1.3 The Role of Units in Problem Solving
	1.4 Trigonometry
	1.5 Scalars and Vectors
	1.6 Vector Addition and Subtraction
	1.7 The Components of a Vector
	1.8 Addition of Vectors by Means of Components
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
2. Kinematics in One Dimension
	2.1 Displacement
	2.2 Speed and Velocity
	2.3 Acceleration
	2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration
	2.5 Applications of the Equations of Kinematics
	2.6 Freely Falling Bodies
	2.7 Graphical Analysis of Velocity and Acceleration
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
3. Kinematics in Two Dimensions
	3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration
	3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
	3.3 Projectile Motion
	3.4 Relative Velocity
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
4. Forces and Newton's Laws of Motion
	4.1 The Concepts of Force and Mass
	4.2 Newton's First Law of Motion
	4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion
	4.4 The Vector Nature of Newton's Second Law of Motion
	4.5 Newton's Third Law of Motion
	4.6 Types of Forces: An Overview
	4.7 The Gravitational Force
	4.8 The Normal Force
	4.9 Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces
	4.10 The Tension Force
	4.11 Equilibrium Applications of Newton's Laws of Motion
	4.12 Nonequilibrium Applications of Newton's Laws of Motion
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
5. Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion
	5.1 Uniform Circular Motion
	5.2 Centripetal Acceleration
	5.3 Centripetal Force
	5.4 Banked Curves
	5.5 Satellites in Circular Orbits
	5.6 Apparent Weightlessness and Artificial Gravity
	5.7 Vertical Circular Motion
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
6. Work and Energy
	6.1 Work Done by a Constant Force
	6.2 The Work–Energy Theorem and Kinetic Energy
	6.3 Gravitational Potential Energy
	6.4 Conservative Versus Nonconservative Forces
	6.5 The Conservation of Mechanical Energy
	6.6 Nonconservative Forces and the Work–Energy Theorem
	6.7 Power
	6.8 Other Forms of Energy and the Conservation of Energy
	6.9 Work Done by a Variable Force
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
7. Impulse and Momentum
	7.1 The Impulse–Momentum Theorem
	7.2 The Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum
	7.3 Collisions in One Dimension
	7.4 Collisions in Two Dimensions
	7.5 Center of Mass
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
8. Rotational Kinematics
	8.1 Rotational Motion and Angular Displacement
	8.2 Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration
	8.3 The Equations of Rotational Kinematics
	8.4 Angular Variables and Tangential Variables
	8.5 Centripetal Acceleration and Tangential Acceleration
	8.6 Rolling Motion
	8.7 The Vector Nature of Angular Variables
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
9. Rotational Dynamics
	9.1 The Action of Forces and Torques on Rigid Objects
	9.2 Rigid Objects in Equilibrium
	9.3 Center of Gravity
	9.4 Newton's Second Law for Rotational Motion About a Fixed Axis
	9.5 Rotational Work and Energy
	9.6 Angular Momentum
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
10. Simple Harmonic Motion and Elasticity
	10.1 The Ideal Spring and Simple Harmonic Motion
	10.2 Simple Harmonic Motion and the Reference Circle
	10.3 Energy and Simple Harmonic Motion
	10.4 The Pendulum
	10.5 Damped Harmonic Motion
	10.6 Driven Harmonic Motion and Resonance
	10.7 Elastic Deformation
	10.8 Stress, Strain, and Hooke's Law
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
11. Fluids
	11.1 Mass Density
	11.2 Pressure
	11.3 Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid
	11.4 Pressure Gauges
	11.5 Pascal's Principle
	11.6 Archimedes' Principle
	11.7 Fluids in Motion
	11.8 The Equation of Continuity
	11.9 Bernoulli's Equation
	11.10 Applications of Bernoulli's Equation
	11.11 Viscous Flow
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
12. Temperature and Heat
	12.1 Common Temperature Scales
	12.2 The Kelvin Temperature Scale
	12.3 Thermometers
	12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
	12.5 Volume Thermal Expansion
	12.6 Heat and Internal Energy
	12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity
	12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat
	12.9 Equilibrium Between Phases of Matter
	12.10 Humidity
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
13. The Transfer of Heat
	13.1 Convection
	13.2 Conduction
	13.3 Radiation
	13.4 Applications
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
14. The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory
	14.1 Molecular Mass, the Mole, and Avogadro's Number
	14.2 The Ideal Gas Law
	14.3 Kinetic Theory of Gases
	14.4 Diffusion
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
15. Thermodynamics
	15.1 Thermodynamic Systems and Their Surroundings
	15.2 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
	15.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics
	15.4 Thermal Processes
	15.5 Thermal Processes Using an Ideal Gas
	15.6 Specific Heat Capacities
	15.7 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
	15.8 Heat Engines
	15.9 Carnot's Principle and the Carnot Engine
	15.10 Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps
	15.11 Entropy
	15.12 The Third Law of Thermodynamics
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
16. Waves and Sound
	16.1 The Nature of Waves
	16.2 Periodic Waves
	16.3 The Speed of a Wave on a String
	16.4 The Mathematical Description of a Wave
	16.5 The Nature of Sound
	16.6 The Speed of Sound
	16.7 Sound Intensity
	16.8 Decibels
	16.9 The Doppler Effect
	16.10 Applications of Sound in Medicine
	16.11 The Sensitivity of the Human Ear
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
17. The Principle of Linear Superposition and Interference Phenomena
	17.1 The Principle of Linear Superposition
	17.2 Constructive and Destructive Interference of Sound Waves
	17.3 Diffraction
	17.4 Beats
	17.5 Transverse Standing Waves
	17.6 Longitudinal Standing Waves
	17.7 Complex Sound Waves
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
18. Electric Forces and Electric Fields
	18.1 The Origin of Electricity
	18.2 Charged Objects and the Electric Force
	18.3 Conductors and Insulators
	18.4 Charging by Contact and by Induction
	18.5 Coulomb's Law
	18.6 The Electric Field
	18.7 Electric Field Lines
	18.8 The Electric Field Inside a Conductor: Shielding
	18.9 Gauss' Law
	18.10 Copiers and Computer Printers
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
19. Electric Potential Energy and the Electric Potential
	19.1 Potential Energy
	19.2 The Electric Potential Difference
	19.3 The Electric Potential Difference Created by Point Charges
	19.4 Equipotential Surfaces and Their Relation to the Electric Field
	19.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics
	19.6 Biomedical Applications of Electric Potential Differences
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
20. Electric Circuits
	20.1 Electromotive Force and Current
	20.2 Ohm's Law
	20.3 Resistance and Resistivity
	20.4 Electric Power
	20.5 Alternating Current
	20.6 Series Wiring
	20.7 Parallel Wiring
	20.8 Circuits Wired Partially in Series and Partially in Parallel
	20.9 Internal Resistance
	20.10 Kirchhoff's Rules
	20.11 The Measurement of Current and Voltage
	20.12 Capacitors in Series and in Parallel
	20.13 RC Circuits
	20.14 Safety and the Physiological Effects of Current
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
21. Magnetic Forces and Magnetic Fields
	21.1 Magnetic Fields
	21.2 The Force That a Magnetic Field Exerts on a Moving Charge
	21.3 The Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field
	21.4 The Mass Spectrometer
	21.5 The Force on a Current in a Magnetic Field
	21.6 The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil
	21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents
	21.8 Ampere's Law
	21.9 Magnetic Materials
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
22. Electromagnetic Induction
	22.1 Induced Emf and Induced Current
	22.2 Motional Emf
	22.3 Magnetic Flux
	22.4 Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction
	22.5 Lenz's Law
	22.6 Applications of Electromagnetic Induction to the Reproduction of Sound
	22.7 The Electric Generator
	22.8 Mutual Inductance and Self-Inductance
	22.9 Transformers
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
23. Alternating Current Circuits
	23.1 Capacitors and Capacitive Reactance
	23.2 Inductors and Inductive Reactance
	23.3 Circuits Containing Resistance, Capacitance, and Inductance
	23.4 Resonance in Electric Circuits
	23.5 Semiconductor Devices
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
24. Electromagnetic Waves
	24.1 The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
	24.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
	24.3 The Speed of Light
	24.4 The Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves
	24.5 The Doppler Effect and Electromagnetic Waves
	24.6 Polarization
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
25. The Reflection of Light: Mirrors
	25.1 Wave Fronts and Rays
	25.2 The Reflection of Light
	25.3 The Formation of Images by a Plane Mirror
	25.4 Spherical Mirrors
	25.5 The Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors
	25.6 The Mirror Equation and the Magnification Equation
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
26. The Refraction of Light: Lenses and Optical Instruments
	26.1 The Index of Refraction
	26.2 Snell's Law and the Refraction of Light
	26.3 Total Internal Reflection
	26.4 Polarization and the Reflection and Refraction of Light
	26.5 The Dispersion of Light: Prisms and Rainbows
	26.6 Lenses
	26.7 The Formation of Images by Lenses
	26.8 The Thin-Lens Equation and the Magnification Equation
	26.9 Lenses in Combination
	26.10 The Human Eye
	26.11 Angular Magnification and the Magnifying Glass
	26.12 The Compound Microscope
	26.13 The Telescope
	26.14 Lens Aberrations
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
27. Interference and the Wave Nature of Light
	27.1 The Principle of Linear Superposition
	27.2 Young's Double-Slit Experiment
	27.3 Thin-Film Interference
	27.4 The Michelson Interferometer
	27.5 Diffraction
	27.6 Resolving Power
	27.7 The Diffraction Grating
	27.8 Compact Discs, Digital Video Discs, and the Use of Interference
	27.9 X-Ray Diffraction
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
28. Special Relativity
	28.1 Events and Inertial Reference Frames
	28.2 The Postulates of Special Relativity
	28.3 The Relativity of Time: Time Dilation
	28.4 The Relativity of Length: Length Contraction
	28.5 Relativistic Momentum
	28.6 The Equivalence of Mass and Energy
	28.7 The Relativistic Addition of Velocities
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
29. Particles and Waves
	29.1 The Wave–Particle Duality
	29.2 Blackbody Radiation and Planck's Constant
	29.3 Photons and the Photoelectric Effect
	29.4 The Momentum of a Photon and the Compton Effect
	29.5 The De Broglie Wavelength and the Wave Nature of Matter
	29.6 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
30. The Nature of the Atom
	30.1 Rutherford Scattering and the Nuclear Atom
	30.2 Line Spectra
	30.3 The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom
	30.4 De Broglie's Explanation of Bohr's Assumption About Angular Momentum
	30.5 The Quantum Mechanical Picture of the Hydrogen Atom
	30.6 The Pauli Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table of the Elements
	30.7 X-Rays
	30.8 The Laser
	30.9 Medical Applications of the Laser
	30.10 Holography
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
31. Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity
	31.1 Nuclear Structure
	31.2 The Strong Nuclear Force and the Stability of the Nucleus
	31.3 The Mass Defect of the Nucleus and Nuclear Binding Energy
	31.4 Radioactivity
	31.5 The Neutrino
	31.6 Radioactive Decay and Activity
	31.7 Radioactive Dating
	31.8 Radioactive Decay Series
	31.9 Radiation Detectors
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
32. Ionizing Radiation, Nuclear Energy, and Elementary Particles
	32.1 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
	32.2 Induced Nuclear Reactions
	32.3 Nuclear Fission
	32.4 Nuclear Reactors
	32.5 Nuclear Fusion
	32.6 Elementary Particles
	32.7 Cosmology
	CONCEPT SUMMARY & PROBLEMS
APPENDICES
	A: Powers of Ten and Scientific Notation
	B: Significant Figures
	C: Algebra
	D: Exponents and Logarithms
	E: Geometry and Trigonometry
	F: Selected Isotopes
ANSWERS to Check Your Understanding
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ANSWERS to Odd-Numbered Problems
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INDEX
	A
	B
	C
	D - E
	F
	G - H
	I
	J - K - L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q - R
	S
	T
	U
	V - W
	X - Y - Z
USEFUL DATA
	Fundamental Constants
	Useful Physical Data
	Frequently Used Mathematical Symbols
	Conversion Factors
	Standard Prefixes Used to Denote Multiples of Ten
	Basic Mathematical Formulas
	SI Units
	The Greek Alphabet
	Periodic Table of the Elements