Physical Science, 11th Edition

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Brief Contents......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 12
Meet the Authors......Page 17
1 What Is Science?......Page 18
1.1 Objects and Properties......Page 19
1.3 Measurement Systems......Page 21
Mass......Page 22
1.5 Metric Prefixes......Page 23
Ratios and Generalizations......Page 24
The Density Ratio......Page 25
Symbols and Equations......Page 27
How to Solve Problems......Page 28
1.7 The Nature of Science......Page 30
Explanations and Investigations......Page 31
Science and Society: Basic and Applied Research......Page 32
Models and Theories......Page 34
Summary......Page 36
People Behind the Science: Florence Bascom (1862-1945)......Page 37
Applying the Concepts......Page 38
Questions for Thought......Page 40
Parallel Exercises......Page 41
2 Motion......Page 42
2.1 Describing Motion......Page 43
Speed......Page 44
Acceleration......Page 46
Science and Society: Transportation and the Environment......Page 48
Forces......Page 49
2.3 Horizontal Motion on Land......Page 51
2.4 Falling Objects......Page 52
A Closer Look: A Bicycle Racer\'s Edge......Page 54
2.5 Compound Motion......Page 55
Horizontal Projectiles......Page 56
Newton\'s First Law of Motion......Page 58
Newton\'s Second Law of Motion......Page 59
Weight and Mass......Page 61
Newton\'s Third Law of Motion......Page 62
Conservation of Momentum......Page 64
Impulse......Page 65
2.8 Forces and Circular Motion......Page 66
2.9 Newton\'s Law of Gravitation......Page 67
Earth Satellites......Page 69
A Closer Look: Gravity Problems......Page 70
Weightlessness......Page 71
People Behind the Science: Isaac Newton (1642-1727)......Page 72
Summary......Page 73
Applying the Concepts......Page 74
Parallel Exercises......Page 77
3 Energy......Page 79
3.1 Work......Page 80
Units of Work......Page 81
Power......Page 82
A Closer Look: Simple Machines......Page 83
Potential Energy......Page 85
Kinetic Energy......Page 86
3.3 Energy Flow......Page 87
Energy Forms......Page 88
Energy Conversion......Page 90
Energy Conservation......Page 92
Petroleum......Page 93
Moving Water......Page 94
Nuclear......Page 95
Conserving Energy......Page 96
Solar Technologies......Page 97
Hydrogen......Page 98
Applying the Concepts......Page 99
For Further Analysis......Page 101
Parallel Exercises......Page 102
4 Heat and Temperature......Page 104
4.1 The Kinetic Molecular Theory......Page 105
Phases of Matter......Page 106
Molecules Move......Page 107
Thermometers......Page 108
Temperature Scales......Page 109
A Closer Look: Goose Bumps and Shivering......Page 111
Heat as Energy Transfer......Page 112
Specific Heat......Page 113
Heat Flow......Page 115
Science and Society: Require Insulation......Page 116
4.4 Energy, Heat, and Molecular Theory......Page 117
Phase Change......Page 118
A Closer Look: Passive Solar Design......Page 120
Evaporation and Condensation......Page 122
4.5 Thermodynamics......Page 123
The First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 124
The Second Law and Natural Processes......Page 125
People Behind the Science: Count Rumford (Benjamin Thompson) (1753-1814)......Page 126
Summary......Page 127
Applying the Concepts......Page 128
Parallel Exercises......Page 131
5 Wave Motions and Sound......Page 133
Forces and Vibrations......Page 134
Describing Vibrations......Page 135
5.2 Waves......Page 136
Waves in Air......Page 137
5.3 Describing Waves......Page 138
Medium Required......Page 140
Velocity of Sound in Air......Page 141
Refraction and Reflection......Page 142
Interference......Page 144
How Loud Is That Sound?......Page 145
Resonance......Page 146
Vibrating Strings......Page 147
Sounds from Moving Sources......Page 149
People Behind the Science: Johann Christian Doppler (1803-1853)......Page 150
Summary......Page 151
Applying the Concepts......Page 152
Parallel Exercises......Page 155
6 Electricity......Page 157
Electron Theory of Charge......Page 158
Measuring Electrical Charges......Page 161
Force Fields......Page 162
6.2 Electric Current......Page 164
The Electric Circuit......Page 165
The Nature of Current......Page 166
Electrical Resistance......Page 168
Electrical Power and Electrical Work......Page 169
6.3 Magnetism......Page 172
Magnetic Fields......Page 173
The Source of Magnetic Fields......Page 175
Current Loops......Page 176
Applications of Electromagnets......Page 177
6.5 Electromagnetic Induction......Page 179
Transformers......Page 180
Voltage Sources in Circuits......Page 182
Resistances in Circuits......Page 184
A Closer Look: Solar Cells......Page 185
Household Circuits......Page 186
Summary......Page 188
Key Terms......Page 189
Applying the Concepts......Page 190
For Further Analysis......Page 192
Parallel Exercises......Page 193
7 Light......Page 195
7.1 Sources of Light......Page 196
Case Study: Bioluminous......Page 197
7.2 Properties of Light......Page 198
Light Interacts with Matter......Page 199
Reflection......Page 200
Refraction......Page 201
Dispersion and Color......Page 204
A Closer Look: Optics......Page 205
7.3 Evidence for Waves......Page 207
A Closer Look: The Rainbow......Page 208
Polarization......Page 209
A Closer Look: Optic Fibers......Page 210
7.4 Evidence for Particles......Page 211
Quantization of Energy......Page 212
7.5 The Present Theory......Page 213
Special Relativity......Page 214
Relativity Theory Applied......Page 215
People Behind the Science: James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)......Page 216
Applying the Concepts......Page 217
Invitation to Inquiry......Page 220
Parallel Exercises......Page 221
8 Atoms and Periodic Properties......Page 222
8.1 Atomic Structure Discovered......Page 223
Discovery of the Electron......Page 224
The Nucleus......Page 225
Case Study: Oil Drop Experiment......Page 226
Case Study: Discovery of the Nucleus......Page 227
Atomic Spectra......Page 228
Bohr\'s Theory......Page 229
Matter Waves......Page 232
The Quantum Mechanics Model......Page 233
Science and Society: Atomic Research......Page 234
8.4 Electron Configuration......Page 235
8.5 The Periodic Table......Page 236
8.6 Metals, Nonmetals, and Semiconductors......Page 238
A Closer Look: The Rare Earths......Page 239
People Behind the Science: Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleyev (1834-1907)......Page 240
A Closer Look: Semiconductors......Page 241
Summary......Page 242
Applying the Concepts......Page 243
Questions for Thought......Page 245
Parallel Exercises......Page 246
9 Chemical Bonds......Page 249
9.1 Compounds and Chemical Change......Page 250
9.2 Valence Electrons and Ions......Page 252
9.3 Chemical Bonds......Page 253
Ionic Bonds......Page 254
Covalent Bonds......Page 256
9.4 Bond Polarity......Page 258
Case Study: Electronegativity......Page 260
Ionic Compound Names......Page 261
Ionic Compound Formulas......Page 262
Science and Society: Microwave Ovens and Molecular Bonds......Page 263
Covalent Compound Names......Page 264
Covalent Compound Formulas......Page 265
Key Terms......Page 266
Applying the Concepts......Page 267
Invitation to Inquiry......Page 269
Parallel Exercises......Page 270
10 Chemical Reactions......Page 271
10.1 Chemical Formulas......Page 272
Percent Composition of Compounds......Page 273
Balancing Equations......Page 275
Generalizing Equations......Page 279
10.3 Types of Chemical Reactions......Page 280
Decomposition Reactions......Page 281
Ion Exchange Reactions......Page 282
10.4 Information from Chemical Equations......Page 283
Units of Measurement used with Equations......Page 285
Quantitative Uses of Equations......Page 287
Summary......Page 288
Applying the Concepts......Page 289
Parallel Exercises......Page 292
11 Water and Solutions......Page 294
11.1 Household Water......Page 295
Science and Society: Who Has the Right?......Page 296
The Dissolving Process......Page 298
Concentration of Solutions......Page 299
Solubility......Page 302
Electrolytes......Page 303
Boiling Point......Page 304
Freezing Point......Page 305
Properties of Acids and Bases......Page 306
Explaining Acid-Base Properties......Page 307
Strong and Weak Acids and Bases......Page 308
Properties of Salts......Page 309
Hard and Soft Water......Page 310
A Closer Look: Acid Rain......Page 311
People Behind the Science: Johannes Nicolaus Brnsted (1879-1947)......Page 312
Applying the Concepts......Page 313
Parallel Exercises......Page 316
12 Organic Chemistry......Page 318
12.1 Organic Compounds......Page 319
12.2 Hydrocarbons......Page 320
Alkenes and Alkynes......Page 322
12.3 Petroleum......Page 323
12.4 Hydrocarbon Derivatives......Page 325
Alcohols......Page 326
Organic Acids and Esters......Page 328
Science and Society: Aspirin, a Common Organic Compound......Page 329
Proteins......Page 330
Carbohydrates......Page 331
Fats and Oils......Page 332
Synthetic Polymers......Page 333
A Closer Look: How to Sort Plastic Bottles for Recycling......Page 335
People Behind the Science: Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896)......Page 336
Applying the Concepts......Page 337
Invitation to Inquiry......Page 340
Parallel Exercises......Page 341
13 Nuclear Reactions......Page 342
13.1 Natural Radioactivity......Page 343
Nuclear Equations......Page 344
The Nature of the Nucleus......Page 345
Types of Radioactive Decay......Page 346
Radioactive Decay Series......Page 348
Measurement Methods......Page 350
Radiation Units......Page 351
Radiation Exposure......Page 352
13.3 Nuclear Energy......Page 353
A Closer Look: Radiation and Food Preservation......Page 354
A Closer Look: Nuclear Medicine......Page 355
Nuclear Fission......Page 356
Nuclear Power Plants......Page 357
A Closer Look: Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima I......Page 359
Nuclear Fusion......Page 362
Science and Society: High-Level Nuclear Waste......Page 363
The Source of Nuclear Energy......Page 364
Applying the Concepts......Page 365
Parallel Exercises......Page 368
14 The Universe......Page 370
14.1 The Night Sky......Page 371
Origin of Stars......Page 373
Brightness of Stars......Page 375
Star Temperature......Page 376
Star Types......Page 377
The Life of a Star......Page 378
A Closer Look: Observing with New Technology......Page 381
14.3 Galaxies......Page 382
The Milky Way Galaxy......Page 383
People Behind the Science: Jocelyn (Susan) Bell Burnell (1943- )......Page 384
14.4 The Universe......Page 385
A Closer Look: Dark Energy......Page 386
A Closer Look: Dark Matter......Page 388
Key Terms......Page 389
Applying the Concepts......Page 390
Questions for Thought......Page 392
Parallel Exercises......Page 393
15 The Solar System......Page 395
15.1 Planets, Moons, and Other Bodies......Page 396
Mercury......Page 398
Venus......Page 399
Mars......Page 400
Case Study: Worth the Cost?......Page 403
Jupiter......Page 404
Saturn......Page 407
Uranus and Neptune......Page 408
Comets......Page 409
Meteors and Meteorites......Page 411
Stage B......Page 414
The Geocentric Model......Page 415
The Heliocentric Model......Page 416
Summary......Page 419
Applying the Concepts......Page 420
Invitation to Inquiry......Page 422
Parallel Exercises......Page 423
16 Earth in Space......Page 424
16.1 Shape and Size of Earth......Page 425
Orbit......Page 427
Rotation......Page 429
Precession......Page 430
Identifying Place......Page 431
Measuring Time......Page 432
Science and Society: Saving Time?......Page 436
16.4 The Moon......Page 439
Composition and Features......Page 441
History of the Moon......Page 442
Eclipses of the Sun and Moon......Page 443
Tides......Page 444
People Behind the Science: Carl Edward Sagan......Page 446
Key Terms......Page 447
Applying the Concepts......Page 448
Questions for Thought......Page 450
Parallel Exercises......Page 451
17 Rocks and Minerals......Page 453
17.1 Solid Earth Materials......Page 454
17.2 Minerals......Page 455
Silicates and Nonsilicates......Page 456
Physical Properties of Minerals......Page 457
17.3 Mineral-Forming Processes......Page 460
17.4 Rocks......Page 461
Igneous Rocks......Page 462
Science and Society: Costs of Mining Mineral Resources......Page 463
Sedimentary Rocks......Page 464
A Closer Look: Asbestos......Page 466
Science and Society: Using Mineral Resources......Page 467
People Behind the Science: Victor Moritz Goldschmidt......Page 468
17.5 The Rock Cycle......Page 469
Applying the Concepts......Page 470
For Further Analysis......Page 472
Parallel Exercises......Page 473
18 Plate Tectonics......Page 475
18.1 History of Earth\'s Interior......Page 476
Surface Waves......Page 477
The Crust......Page 478
The Core......Page 479
A More Detailed Structure......Page 480
18.3 Theory of Plate Tectonics......Page 481
Evidence from the Ocean......Page 482
Lithosphere Plates and Boundaries......Page 484
A Closer Look: Measuring Plate Movement......Page 486
Present-Day Understandings......Page 488
People Behind the Science: Harry Hammond Hess......Page 489
Science and Society: Geothermal Energy......Page 490
Applying the Concepts......Page 492
Parallel Exercises......Page 495
19 Building Earth\'s Surface......Page 498
19.1 Interpreting Earth\'s Surface......Page 499
Stress and Strain......Page 500
Folding......Page 501
Faulting......Page 502
Causes of Earthquakes......Page 505
Locating and Measuring Earthquakes......Page 506
Measuring Earthquake Strength......Page 508
A Closer Look: Earthquake Safety......Page 509
Folded and Faulted Mountains......Page 510
Volcanic Mountains......Page 511
A Closer Look: Volcanoes Change the World......Page 514
People Behind the Science: James Hutton......Page 515
Applying the Concepts......Page 516
Invitation to Inquiry......Page 519
Parallel Exercises......Page 520
20 Shaping Earth\'s Surface......Page 522
20.2 Weathering......Page 524
Mass Movement......Page 527
Running Water......Page 529
Glaciers......Page 531
Wind......Page 534
Science and Society: Acid Rain......Page 535
Stage of Development......Page 536
Summary......Page 537
Applying the Concepts......Page 538
Invitation to Inquiry......Page 540
Parallel Exercises......Page 541
21 Geologic Time......Page 543
21.1 Fossils......Page 544
Types of Fossilization......Page 545
Arranging Events in Order......Page 548
Correlation......Page 550
Early Attempts at Earth Dating......Page 551
Modern Techniques......Page 552
The Geologic Time Scale......Page 553
Geologic Periods and Typical Fossils......Page 555
People Behind the Science: Eduard Suess......Page 556
Interpreting Geologic History-A Summary......Page 557
Applying the Concepts......Page 558
Parallel Exercises......Page 561
22 The Atmosphere of Earth......Page 564
22.1 The Atmosphere......Page 565
Composition of the Atmosphere......Page 566
Atmospheric Pressure......Page 567
Warming the Atmosphere......Page 568
A Closer Look: Hole in the Ozone Layer?......Page 569
Structure of the Atmosphere......Page 570
22.2 The Winds......Page 571
Science and Society: Use Wind Energy?......Page 574
A Closer Look: The Windchill Factor......Page 573
Global Wind Patterns......Page 576
Evaporation and Condensation......Page 577
Fog and Clouds......Page 582
People Behind the Science: James Ephraim Lovelock......Page 581
Applying the Concepts......Page 584
Invitation to Inquiry......Page 587
Parallel Exercises......Page 588
23 Weather and Climate......Page 590
23.1 Clouds and Precipitation......Page 591
Cloud-Forming Processes......Page 592
23.2 Weather Producers......Page 594
Air Masses......Page 595
Weather Fronts......Page 597
Science and Society: Urban Heat Islands......Page 598
Major Storms......Page 599
23.3 Weather Forecasting......Page 604
Major Climate Groups......Page 605
Regional Climate Influence......Page 607
Describing Climates......Page 609
23.4 Climate Change......Page 611
Causes of Global Climate Change......Page 612
Case Study: El Nio......Page 614
People Behind the Science: Vilhelm Firman Koren Bjerknes......Page 615
Key Terms......Page 616
Applying the Concepts......Page 617
Invitation to Inquiry......Page 619
Parallel Exercises......Page 620
24 Earth\'s Waters......Page 623
24.1 Water on Earth......Page 624
Freshwater......Page 625
Science and Society: Water Quality......Page 626
Surface Water......Page 627
Groundwater......Page 628
Freshwater as a Resource......Page 630
A Closer Look: Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment......Page 631
24.2 Seawater......Page 633
Oceans and Seas......Page 634
The Nature of Seawater......Page 635
A Closer Look: Estuary Pollution......Page 637
A Closer Look: Rogue Waves......Page 640
24.3 The Ocean Floor......Page 643
Applying the Concepts......Page 645
Parallel Exercises......Page 648
Appendix A......Page 650
Appendix B......Page 658
Appendix C......Page 660
Appendix D......Page 662
Appendix E......Page 674
Index......Page 734