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دانلود کتاب Physical Processes in Lakes and Oceans
دانلود کتاب فرایندهای فیزیکی در دریاچه ها و اقیانوس ها
مشخصات کتاب
Physical Processes in Lakes and Oceans
ویرایش: سری: ISBN (شابک) : 9780875902685, 9781118665381 ناشر: سال نشر: تعداد صفحات: 666 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 12 مگابایت
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About The Product
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Coastal and Estuarine Studies Series.
Physical limnology is the study of motion, transport and
mixing in a lake and so forms an exact parallel to physical
oceanography. However, in comparison with the field of
physical oceanography, the hydrodynamics of lakes has
received little attention; what is known about lakes is the
result of the efforts of a few individuals who have relied
heavily on the research results from the ocean!
This is a very peculiar situation if it is remembered that
lakes are logistically much easier and cheaper to work in
than the ocean. The answer must lie in the fear that since in
a lake the boundaries are usually complicated and close to
the field of observation, the motion is correspondingly
complicated and thus difficult to unravel. The second
peculiarity which should be pointed out is that lakes supply
probably 80% of the world's drinking water, constitute major
tourist attractions and support important fisheries, yet the
funding of fundamental research into the hydrodynamics of
lakes, both small and large, has always been and still
remains pitifully small. At present no universities have a
major program in physical limnology, few research institutes
focus on physical limnology, there is no textbook on the
subject, nor is there a joumal focused on physical limnology.
No wonder we are only beginning to understand the
fundamentals of the hydrodynamics of lakes.
Chapter 1 Flux Paths in a Stratified Lake (pages 1–17): J. Imberger
Chapter 2 Air?Water Exchange Processes (pages 19–36): M.A. Donelan
Chapter 3 Turbulent Flux of Water Vapor in Relation to the Wave Field and Atmospheric Stratification (pages 37–46): K. B. Katsaros
Chapter 4 On the Structure of the Upper Oceanic Boundary Layer and the Impact of Surface Waves (pages 47–60): A. Anis
Chapter 5 Large Eddies in the Surface Mixed Layer and Their Effects on Mixing, Dispersion and Biological Cycling (pages 61–86): M. Li and C. Garrett
Chapter 6 Velocity, Temperature and Spatial Structure of Langmuir Circulation (pages 87–100): D. Farmer, J. Gemmrich and V. Polonichko
Chapter 7 On Wavy Mean Flows, Langmuir Cells, Strain, and Turbulence (pages 101–110): S. G. Monismith and J. J. M. Magnaudet
Chapter 8 Modeling of Atmospheric Forced Mixing on the Shallow Shelf (pages 111–122): I. D. Lozovatsky and A. S. Ksenofontov
Chapter 9 Large Inflow?Driven Vortices in Lake Constance (pages 123–136): E. Hollan
Chapter 10 Forced Motion Response in Enclosed Lakes (pages 137–166): K. Hutter, G. Bauer, Y. Wang and P. Guting
Chapter 11 Excitation of Internal Seiches by Periodic Forcing (pages 167–178): E. Bauerle
Chapter 12 Thermohaline Transitions (pages 179–186): E. C. Carmack, K. Aagaard, J. H. Swift, R. G. Perkin, F. A. McLaughlin, R. W. Macdonald and E. P. Jones
Chapter 13 Exchange Flows in Lakes (pages 187–198): P. F. Hamblin
Chapter 14 Gyres Measured by ADCP in Lake Biwa (pages 199–208): M. Kumagai, Y. Asada and S. Nakano
Chapter 15 Circulation, Covection and Mixing in Rotating, Stratified Basins with Sloping Topography (pages 209–226): P. B. Rhines
Chapter 16 Internal Solitary Waves in Shallow Seas and Lakes (pages 227–240): R. Grimshaw
Chapter 17 Two Intersecting Internal Wave Rays: a Comparison Between Numerical and Laboratory Results (pages 241–250): A. Javam, S. G. Teoh, J. Imberger and G. N. Ivey
Chapter 18 Breaking Internal Waves and Fronts in Rotating Fluids (pages 251–260): A. V. Fedorov and W. K. Melville
Chapter 19 A Laboratory Demonstration of a Mechanism for the Production of Secondary, Internal Gravity?Waves in a Stratified Fluid (pages 261–270): T. Maxworthy, J. Imberger and A. Saggio
Chapter 20 Direct Numerical Simulation of Wave?Mean Flow and Wave?Wave Interactions: a Brief Perspective (pages 271–284): C?L. Lin, J. R. Koseff, J. H. Ferziger and S. G. Monismith
Chapter 21 Momentum Exchange Due to Internal Waves and Wakes Generated by Flow Past Topography in the Atmosphere and Lakes (pages 285–294): P. G. Baines
Chapter 22 In Search of Holmboe's Instability (pages 295–304): G. A. Lawrence, S. P. Haigh and Z. Zhu
Chapter 23 Estimation and Geography of Diapycnal Mixing in the Stratified Ocean (pages 305–338): M. C. Gregg
Chapter 24 Special Closure for Stratified Turbulence (pages 339–349): J. Weinstock
Chapter 25 Turbulent Mixing in Stably Stratified Flows: Limitations and Adaptations of the Eddy Diffusivity Approach (pages 351–362): H. J. S. Fernando, J. C. R. Hunt, E. J. Strang, A. L. Berestov and I. D. Lozovatsky
Chapter 26 Intermittency of Internal Wave Shear and Turbulence Dissipation (pages 363–376): C. H. Gibson
Chapter 27 Buoyancy Fluxes in a Stratified Fluid (pages 377–388): G. N. Ivey, J. Imberger and J. R. Koseff
Chapter 28 Mixing Processes in a Highly Stratified River (pages 389–400): S. Yoshida, M. Ohtani, S. Nishida and P. F. Linden
Chapter 29 Stratified Turbulence: Field, Laboratory and DNS Data (pages 401–416): H. Yamazaki and D. Ramsden
Chapter 30 Waves, Mixing, and Transports Over Sloping Boundaries (pages 417–440): C. C. Eriksen
Chapter 31 Some Dynamical Effects of Internal Waves and the Sloping Sides of Lakes (pages 441–460): S. A. Thorpe
Chapter 32 Finescale Dynamics of Stratified Waters Near a Sloping Boundary of a Lake (pages 461–474): U. Lemmin, R. Jiang and S. A. Thorpe
Chapter 33 Breaking of Super?Critically Incident Internal Waves at a Sloping Bed (pages 475–484): I. P. D. De Silva, J. Imberger and G. N. Ivey
Chapter 34 Bottom Boundary Mixing: the Role of Near?Sediment Density Stratification (pages 485–502): A. Wuest and M. Gloor
Chapter 35 Turbulent Benthic Boundary Layer Mixing Events in Fresh Water Lakes (pages 503–516): C. Lemckert and J. Imberger
Chapter 36 Using Measurements of Variable Chlorophyll?a Fluorescence to Investigate the Influence of Water Movement on the Photochemistry of Phytoplankton (pages 517–534): R. L. Oliver and J. Whittington
Chapter 37 Plants in Motion: Physical ? Biological Interaction in the Plankton (pages 535–560): C. S. Reynolds
Chapter 38 Turbulent Mixing and Resource Supply to Phytoplankton (pages 561–590): S. MacIntyre
Chapter 39 The Influence of Biogeochemical Processes on the Physics of Lakes (pages 591–612): D. M. Imboden
Chapter 40 Hydrodynamic vs. Non?Hydrodynamic Influences on Phosphorus Dynamics During Episodic Events (pages 613–622): Y. P. Sheng, X. Chen and S. Schofield
Chapter 41 Coupling of Hydrobiology and Hydrodynamics: Lakes and Reservoirs (pages 623–644): M. Straskraba
Chapter 42 3D Modeling of Water Quality Transport Processes with Time and Space Varying Diffusivity Tensors (pages 645–662): C. Dejak, R. Pastres, I. Polenghi, C. Solidoro and G. Pecenik
فهرست مطالب
Title Page ......Page 2
Copyright ......Page 3
Contents ......Page 4
Preface ......Page 8
Introduction......Page 10
Internal Wave Motions......Page 12
Vertical Turbulent Transport......Page 15
Mean Vertical Transport......Page 19
Flux Path in a Stratified Lake......Page 22
References......Page 24
Introduction......Page 27
The Aerodynamic Roughness of the Surface......Page 28
Gas Transfer......Page 38
Concluding Remarks......Page 41
References......Page 42
Introduction......Page 45
Similarity Theory for the Bulk Exchange Coefficients of Momentum Heat and Water Vapor......Page 46
Experimental Results......Page 48
Effects of Stable Stratification on Water Vapor Flux Efficiency......Page 50
Summary and Discussions......Page 51
References......Page 53
Introduction......Page 55
The OBL During Convection......Page 57
Surface Wave-Turbulence Interactions......Page 62
References......Page 67
Introduction......Page 69
One-Dimensional Mixed-Layer Models......Page 71
Two-Dimensional Modelling of Large Eddies......Page 72
Role of Langmuir Circulation in the Deepening of the Mixed layer......Page 76
Three-Dimensional Large Eddy Simulation LES......Page 83
Horizontal Dispersion......Page 87
Biological Cycles......Page 90
Conclusion......Page 91
References......Page 92
Introduction......Page 95
Observational Approach ......Page 97
Results......Page 98
Discussion......Page 101
References......Page 108
1. Introduction......Page 109
2. Mean Flows and Langmuir Cells......Page 111
3. The Importance of Strain: RDT and the Craik-Leibovich Force......Page 115
References......Page 117
1. Introduction......Page 119
2. Model......Page 120
3. Boundary Fluxes and Initial Hydrology......Page 122
4. Results......Page 124
5. Summary......Page 127
References......Page 129
Preliminary Remarks......Page 130
Previous Results by Related General Calculations......Page 132
Energetical Assessment of a River-Induced Large Vortex......Page 134
Application to Upper Lake Constance......Page 137
References......Page 142
Introduction......Page 143
Nonlinear Finite Depth Two-Layer Model with Amplitude Dispersion on the f-Plane ......Page 145
Semi-spectral Primitive Equation Model with Curvilinear Orthogonal Coordinates SPEM......Page 155
Ekman Problem in Closed Basins......Page 156
Baroclinic Response......Page 163
Concluding Remarks......Page 169
References......Page 172
Introduction......Page 173
Theoretical Considerations......Page 174
Results of the Numerical Calculations......Page 176
Observations......Page 180
Discussion and Conclusions......Page 183
References......Page 184
Introduction......Page 185
Thermohaline Circulation and Changes in the Arctic Ocean......Page 186
Thermohaline Structure......Page 188
Conclusions......Page 190
References......Page 191
Introduction......Page 193
Methods of Observation of Exchange Flows in Lakes......Page 194
Theoretical Considerations......Page 196
References......Page 203
Introduction......Page 205
Observations......Page 206
Results and Discussions......Page 208
Conclusion......Page 209
References......Page 213
Introduction......Page 215
Convectively Forced Circulations Laboratory Experiments......Page 216
Convectively Forced Circulations: Numerical Experiments......Page 222
Labrador Sea Convection......Page 223
Building the Thermocline......Page 225
Sloping-bottom Boundary Waves and Currents......Page 226
Sloping Bottom as a Source of Large Potential Vorticity......Page 228
Suppression of Ekman Dynamics on a Sloping Bottom......Page 229
References......Page 231
Introduction......Page 233
Derivation of Evolution Equations......Page 234
Extensions......Page 241
References......Page 244
Introduction......Page 246
Laboratory and Numerical Models......Page 247
Comparison between Numerics and Experiments......Page 249
References......Page 253
Introduction......Page 255
Evolution of Nonlinear Kelvin Waves: Formulation......Page 257
Hydraulic Jumps at Boundaries in Rotating Fluids......Page 260
Evolution of Hydraulic Jumps: The Initial Value Problem......Page 261
Summary......Page 262
References......Page 263
Field Observations......Page 265
A Laboratory Demonstration......Page 271
References......Page 274
Introduction......Page 275
Numerical Techniques......Page 276
Discussion......Page 278
Conclusions......Page 285
References......Page 286
Introduction......Page 288
The Nature of Stratified Flow Past an Isolated Obstacle......Page 289
Application to Parametrisation of SGS Orographic Effects in Numerical Models of the Atmosphere......Page 290
Extension of These Ideas to Lakes......Page 292
References......Page 295
Introduction......Page 298
Linear Stability Analysis......Page 299
Non-Linear Simulations......Page 304
Discussion and Conclusions......Page 305
References......Page 306
1. Introduction......Page 308
2. Diapycnal Fluxes and Microstructure Measurements......Page 309
3. Spatial Resolution and Signal Strength......Page 316
4. Sampling......Page 321
5. Observations......Page 323
6. Summary and Discussion......Page 336
References......Page 339
Introduction......Page 342
Derivation of Spectrum......Page 343
Discussion......Page 348
Comparison with an Experiment......Page 349
References......Page 351
Introduction......Page 353
Some General Concepts of Mixing......Page 355
Representation of Macromixing in Inhomogeneous Turbulent Flows......Page 358
Sensitivity of Mixed-Layer Models to Mixing Parameterizations......Page 361
Closure......Page 363
References......Page 364
Introduction......Page 365
Causes of Intermittency in Physical Systems......Page 370
Estimation of the Kolmogorov Intermittency Index μ for the Ocean......Page 372
Intermittency of Internal Waves and Turbulence in the Ocean......Page 373
Evidence of Saturated Internal Wave Motions Produced by Turbulence......Page 374
Conclusions......Page 376
References......Page 377
Introduction......Page 379
Governing parameters......Page 380
Mixing Efficiency......Page 382
Discussion......Page 387
References......Page 388
Introduction......Page 390
Results of Observations in the Ishikari River......Page 393
References......Page 400
Introduction......Page 402
Data Sources......Page 403
References......Page 416
Introduction......Page 417
Internal Wave Reflection and Breaking......Page 421
Trapped Wave Observations......Page 425
Evanescent and Edge Waves......Page 428
Mean Flows over Sloping Boundaries......Page 433
Summary......Page 436
References......Page 438
Abstract......Page 440
1. Introduction......Page 441
2. The Effect of Bed Shape on Internal Seiches......Page 444
3. Intrusions Generated by Turbulence at the Sides of Lakes......Page 445
4. Internal Waves Reflecting From Lake Slopes......Page 446
5. Internal Waves Breaking on Lake Slopes......Page 448
6. Secondary Motions Induced by the Passage of Steep Non-linear Internal Waves Along a Sloping Boundary......Page 450
7. Generation of Internal Lee Waves or Wakes by Flow OverTopography......Page 451
8. Stability of Flow Along Sloping Topograph......Page 454
References......Page 455
Appendix......Page 458
1. Introduction......Page 460
3. Observations......Page 461
4. Results and Discussion......Page 467
5. Conclusions......Page 471
References......Page 472
Introduction......Page 473
Experiment......Page 475
Results......Page 476
Turbulent Quantities......Page 477
Effective Vertical Diffusivity......Page 479
Conclusions......Page 480
References......Page 481
The Stratificationo f the BottomB oundaryin Lakes......Page 483
The Effect of the Release of Dissolved Solids on Mixing......Page 489
The Effectiveness of Bottom Boundary Mixing......Page 492
Application of the Boundary Mixing Model......Page 496
Conclusions......Page 498
References......Page 499
Introduction......Page 501
Parameterisation of Turbulence......Page 502
ExperimentaL Methodology......Page 503
Experimental Observations......Page 506
Reference......Page 513
Introduction......Page 515
Active Fluorometry......Page 517
Conclusions......Page 530
References......Page 531
Introduction......Page 533
Plant Life of Pelagic Habitats......Page 534
The Planktonic Habit......Page 535
The Productive Capacities of Pelagic Habitats......Page 537
Ligh......Page 539
Carbon......Page 541
Nutrients......Page 542
Regulating Production......Page 546
Conclusions......Page 554
References......Page 556
Abstract......Page 559
Introduction......Page 560
Description of the Lakes and Methodology......Page 561
Circulation of Phytoplankton......Page 562
Mixing and Photoadaptation in a Shallow, Diurnally Stratifying Basin South Basin, Lake Biwa......Page 564
Mixing in the Euphotic Zone of a Seasonally Stratified Lake North Basin of Lake Biwa......Page 566
Vertical Mixing and Nutrient Supply......Page 575
Final Remarks......Page 583
References......Page 585
Biogeochemical Cycles......Page 589
Water Chemistry and Density Stratification......Page 591
The Role of Inflows as the Principle Geochemical Conveyor......Page 596
Biologically-Controlled Physical Environments......Page 607
References......Page 609
Introduction......Page 611
Conclusions......Page 619
References......Page 620
Introduction......Page 621
Limnological Differences Between Lakes and Reservoirs......Page 622
Feedback Between the Phytoplankton Development and Water Body Hydrodynamics......Page 630
Consequences of the Feedback of Phytoplankton Concentration on Mixing Depth for Hydrodynamic Modelling......Page 633
An Example of Microlevel Coupling of Hydrodynamics and Biology-Density Dependence of Microorganisms......Page 634
Relationship Between Hydrodynamics and Zooplankton......Page 638
Feedback Effect of Zooplankton on Hydrodynamics......Page 639
Summary......Page 640
References......Page 641
Introduction......Page 643
Vertical Patterns......Page 645
Theoretical Considerations on the Concept of Diffusivity......Page 648
Statistical Thermodynamic Approach to Turbulent Diffusivity......Page 650
Computational Aspects and Numerical Integration......Page 653
Conclusions......Page 656
References......Page 659
List of Contributors......Page 661
