Physical and Chemical Properties of the Air

5.1 Clouds....Pages 1-7
5.2.0 List of symbols....Pages 7-8
5.2.1.1 Cloud droplets....Pages 9-12
5.2.1.2 Raindrops....Pages 13-17
5.2.1.3 Ice crystals....Pages 18-21
5.2.1.4 Snowflakes, graupels and hailstones....Pages 22-28
5.2.2 Thermodynamics of dry air, water and water vapor....Pages 28-41
5.2.3 Condensation and sublimation....Pages 42-53
5.2.4.1 Homogeneous nucleation....Pages 54-57
5.2.4.2 Heterogeneous nucleation....Pages 57-70
5.2.5 Diffusion growth of drops and ice crystals....Pages 70-83
5.2.6.1 Hydrodynamics of single particles....Pages 83-91
5.2.6.2 Particle interactions....Pages 92-95
5.2.6.3 Growth of precipitation sized particles....Pages 95-96
5.3 References for 5....Pages 100-110
6.0 Introduction....Pages 110-112
6.1 Fundamentals of radiative transfer....Pages 112-124
6.2 Solar radiation....Pages 124-131
6.3 Emission and absorption by gases....Pages 132-145
6.4.1 Rayleigh scattering....Pages 145-147
6.4.2 Spherical particles (Mie theory)....Pages 147-149
6.4.3 Optical properties of single spherical particles....Pages 149-153
6.4.4 Optical properties of spherical polydispersions....Pages 154-158
6.4.5 Nonspherical particles....Pages 158-159
6.4.6 Approximation to the scattering phase function....Pages 159-159
6.4.7 Atmospheric turbidity....Pages 160-163
6.5 Solution of the RTE....Pages 163-168
6.6 Atmospheric radiation field....Pages 169-180
6.7 References for 6....Pages 181-186
7.0 List of symbols and abbreviations....Pages 187-191
7.1.2 The electromagnetic spectrum....Pages 192-194
7.1.3 Photometric quantities and units....Pages 195-201
7.1.4 Relationships of photometry....Pages 202-206
7.1.5 Concepts of colorimetry....Pages 206-212
7.1.6 References for 7.1....Pages 212-213
7.2 The refractive index of clear air....Pages 213-228
7.3.2 The laws of refraction and ray path curvature....Pages 229-232
7.3.3 The ray path equation....Pages 232-233
7.3.4 Refraction angle errors....Pages 233-247
7.3.5 Scintillation....Pages 247-247
7.3.6 References for 7.3....Pages 248-248
7.4.2 The extraterrestrial illuminance....Pages 249-251
7.4.3 Attenuation (extinction) of light in the atmosphere....Pages 252-264
7.4.4.1 Introduction....Pages 265-268
7.4.4.2 Clear sky condition - Rayleigh atmosphere....Pages 268-272
7.4.4.3 Clear sky - turbid atmosphere....Pages 272-286
7.4.4.4 Overcast sky....Pages 286-287
7.4.5 Luminance during twilight and at night....Pages 287-288
7.4.6 Color of the sky....Pages 288-292
7.4.7 Polarization of skylight....Pages 293-298
7.4.8 Absorption, scattering, and emission of micro- and radiowaves by the atmosphere....Pages 299-303
7.4.9 References for 7.4....Pages 304-307
7.5 Twilight phenomena....Pages 307-314
7.6 Visibility....Pages 314-328
7.7.1 General remarks....Pages 328-329
7.7.2 Aureole and corona....Pages 329-331
7.7.3 The rainbow....Pages 332-337
7.7.4 The glory....Pages 338-338
7.7.5 Halos....Pages 339-347
7.7.6 References for 7.7....Pages 348-348
8.1 List of symbols....Pages 349-350
8.2 Electric conductivity of the air....Pages 351-354
8.3 Global electric circuit....Pages 354-358
8.4 Cloud electrification....Pages 358-363
8.5 Lightning and thunder....Pages 363-370
8.6 Atmospheric radio noise....Pages 371-378
8.7 Quasi-static electric fields from space....Pages 378-386
8.8 References for 8....Pages 386-391
9.0 List of symbols....Pages 391-393
9.1 Introduction and overview....Pages 393-395
9.2 Sources of aerosols and production rates....Pages 395-405
9.3.1 Physical properties....Pages 405-420
9.3.2 The composition of aerosols....Pages 420-425
9.3.3 Residence time....Pages 426-428
9.4 Removal of aerosols....Pages 428-432
9.5 Changes with time....Pages 432-439
9.6 Properties of aerosols in general....Pages 440-443
9.7 Instrumentation....Pages 443-450
9.9 References for 9....Pages 451-457
10.0 List of symbols and abbreviations....Pages 457-459
10.1 General concepts....Pages 459-461
10.2.1 Exchange rates between principal atmospheric reservoirs....Pages 461-463
10.2.2 Eddy diffusion....Pages 464-466
Tables 5a-m....Pages 467-478
Tables 6a-h....Pages 479-486
10.3.1 Trace gas abundances....Pages 487-500
10.3.2 Removal of trace gases from the troposphere....Pages 500-507
10.4 Trace gas behavior in the stratosphere....Pages 507-521
10.5.1 Photochemical primary processes....Pages 522-522
Tables 20 - 27....Pages 523-532
Tables 28 - 48, Figs. 40 - 45....Pages 533-543
10.5.2 Elementary reactions....Pages 543-544
Tables 49 (Part 1)....Pages 545-551
Tables 49 (Part 2)....Pages 552-562
Table 50....Pages 563-564
10.6 References for 10....Pages 565-570