Physical agents : theory and practice

Inside Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Reviewers
Preface For the Third Edition: To the Student
Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
Section 1 The Concept ofAdjunctive Therapies1
	Chapter 1 Evidence-Based Practice With Physical Agents
		Defining Evidence-Based Practice
		Arguments for Using Evidence-Based Practice
		The Five-Step Process for Implementing Evidence-Based Practice
		Sources of Evidence
		Evidence in Action
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 2 Tissue Response to Injury
		Definitions
		Pain Assessment
		Pain Perception
		Pain Theories
		Clinical Versus Experimental Pain
		Pain Management
		Tissue Repair
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 3 Patient Responses to Therapeutic Interventions
		Examination, Evaluation, and Intervention
		Skin (Integument) Assessment
		Pain Assessment
		Edema Assessment
		Soft Tissue Assessment
		Range-of-Motion (ROM) Assessment
		Muscle Strength Assessments
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Appendix: Pain Assessment Tool Kit
Section 2 Thermal and Mechanical Agents
	Chapter 4 Therapeutic Heat and Cold
		Temperature Regulation
		Physical Mechanisms of Heat Exchange
		Therapeutic Heat
		Methods of Heat Application
		Cryotherapy
		Documentation
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 5 Therapeutic Ultrasound and Phonophoresis
		Physical Principles
		Safety Considerations and Precautions in Applying Ultrasound
		Observation and Documentation of Ultrasound Treatment
		Care of Therapeutic Ultrasound Equipment
		Therapeutic Equipment
		Intensity and Power of Ultrasound
		Principles of Therapeutic Application
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 6 Aquatics and Hydrotherapy
		Whirlpools Versus Aquatic Pools
		Physical Principles and Properties of Water
		Water Temperature
		Aquatic Therapy Equipment
		Therapeutic Aquatic Pools
		Hydrotherapy Techniques
		Patient Safety
		Aquatic Therapy Documentation and Billing
		Hydrotherapy for Wound Care
		Turbines
		Facilitation of Healing
		Clinical Use of Hydrotherapy Techniques
		Hydrotherapy for Wound Care Documentation and Billing
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 7 Soft Tissue Treatment Techniques: Traction
		Principles of Therapeutic Application
		Theory of Application
		Cervical Traction
		Lumbar Traction
		Clinical Uses and Safety Considerations for Traction
		Documentation
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 8 Soft Tissue Management Techniques: Compression and Edema Management
		Pathophysiology of Edema
		Types of Edema
		Management of Edema
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 9 Soft Tissue Management Techniques: Massage
		Defining Soft Tissue Massage
		Historical Perspectives
		Common Approaches Used in Physical Therapy
		Clinical Considerations
		Starting to Palpate
		Effects of Massage
		Indications, Contraindications, and Precautions
		Soft Tissue Massage Techniques
		Documentation and Billing
		Clinical Decision-Making
		Review Questions Summary
	Chapter 10 Electromagnetic Radiation: Diathermy, Ultraviolet, and Laser
		EM Radiation
		Light as a Therapeutic Modality
		Ultraviolet
		Laser
		Therapeutic Uses of Light
		Summary
		Review Questions
Section 3 Electrical Stimulationfor TherapeuticTreatment Goals
	Chapter 11 Foundations of Electrical Stimulation and Iontophoresis
		Application of Electrical Stimulation
		Therapeutic Treatment Goals
		Characteristics of Electricity
		Characteristics of Current Flow
		Stimulator Outputs
		Current Classification
		Delivery of Electrical Stimulation
		Integumentary System: Our Skin
		Transcutaneous Transport
		Instrumentation and Application of Iontophoresis
		Experimental and Clinical Iontophoresis of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
		Reported Adverse Responses From Iontophoresis
		Use of Electrical Stimulation
		The Treatment
		Clinical Decision-Making
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 12 Electrodes and Lead Wires: Material and Care
		Types of Electrodes
		Transcutaneous and Percutaneous Electrodes
		Terminology for Configurations of Electrode Setups
		Care of Electrodes
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 13 Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation*
		Identifying Appropriate Patients
		Therapeutic Current Characteristics
		General Guidelines for Clinical Applications
		Specific Clinical Applications
		Management of Muscle Guarding and Spasticity
		Safety Considerations
		Patient Education
		Clinical Decision-Making
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 14 Electrical Stimulation for Tissue Repair
		Cascade of Injury Repair: How Do Wounds Heal?
		Electrical Stimulation for Tissue Repair: What Are the Findings?
		Does Electrical Stimulation Work?
		Does Polarity Matter?
		Electrode Placement: Which Protocol Is Best?
		Indications
		Contraindications and Precautions
		Adverse Site Responses
		Treatment Considerations
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 15 Pain Management With Electrical Stimulation
		Physiology Review
		Analgesia, Anesthesia, and Paresthesia
		Endogenous Opiate Liberation
		Other Considerations
		Potential Treatments and How to Achieve Success
		General Principles of Pain Management
		Treatment Methods
		Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for Home Use
		Documentation
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Appendix: Optimal Stimulation Sites for TENS Electrodes
	Chapter 16 Interferential Current Therapy in Clinical Practice
		Theory Behind Interferential Current Therapy
		Setting the Difference
		Electrode Placement
		The “Third Line” of Current
		Premodulation and Interferential Current Therapy
		Modulation with IFC
		Summary
		Review Questions
Section 4 Comprehensive Approach to Treatment
	Chapter 17 Integration of Physical Agents: Clinical Decision-Making
		U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
		Evidence-Based Practice
		Therapeutic Treatment Goals: Is a Physical Agent Appropriate?
		Available Treatment Time
		Acuity of the Injury
		Medical Stability of the Patient
		Available Physical Agents
		Integration Principles for Physical Agents: What to Choose?
		What Does the Rest of the Plan of Care Include?
		Putting It All Together: The Decisions and the Evidence
		Documentation
		Summary
Index