Physical Activity and Health: The Evidence Explained

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Figures......Page 12
Tables......Page 17
Boxes......Page 18
Foreword......Page 19
Authors’ preface......Page 21
Personal acknowledgements......Page 22
Illustrations acknowledgements......Page 23
Conversion factors for commonly used units......Page 27
Part I Assessing the Evidence......Page 28
EARLY OBSERVATIONS......Page 30
Epidemic of obesity......Page 31
Ageing population......Page 32
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS IN POPULATIONS......Page 33
TEMPORAL CHANGES IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY......Page 38
NATIONAL SURVEYS OF FITNESS......Page 39
SUMMARY......Page 41
FURTHER READING......Page 42
INTRODUCTION......Page 44
Types of study......Page 45
Measures of health-related outcomes......Page 47
ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND FITNESS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 49
Physical activity......Page 50
Fitness......Page 52
LABORATORY-BASED RESEARCH......Page 53
ERROR: NATURE, SOURCES AND IMPLICATIONS......Page 56
ESTABLISHING CAUSALITY......Page 59
STUDY TASKS......Page 61
FURTHER READING......Page 62
INTRODUCTION......Page 64
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY......Page 65
PHYSICAL FITNESS AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY......Page 66
CHANGES IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY......Page 69
CHANGES IN PHYSICAL FITNESS AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY......Page 70
PHYSICAL FITNESS, BODY COMPOSITION AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY......Page 72
EXERCISE FOR LONGEVITY......Page 75
STUDY TASKS......Page 78
FURTHER READING......Page 79
Part II Effects of Physical Activity on the Risk of Disease......Page 80
INTRODUCTION......Page 82
WHAT IS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE?......Page 83
ATHEROSCLEROSIS......Page 85
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND CHD......Page 86
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FITNESS AND CHD......Page 92
CHANGES IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OR FITNESS AND CHD......Page 94
DOSE-RESPONSE: WHAT LEVEL OF ACTIVITY OR FITNESS CONFERS PROTECTION AGAINST CHD?......Page 96
ARE PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AND LOW FITNESS CAUSAL FACTORS FOR CHD?......Page 97
STROKE......Page 98
HYPERTENSION......Page 100
STUDY TASKS......Page 101
FURTHER READING......Page 102
INTRODUCTION......Page 104
CVD RISK FACTORS......Page 105
LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM......Page 106
BLOOD PRESSURE......Page 111
ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION......Page 115
COAGULATION AND FIBRINOLYSIS......Page 116
OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY......Page 117
STUDY TASKS......Page 118
FURTHER READING......Page 119
INTRODUCTION......Page 120
AETIOLOGY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES......Page 121
OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES......Page 125
EVIDENCE THAT PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PREVENTS TYPE 2 DIABETES......Page 127
MECHANISMS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN EXERCISE AND TYPE 2 DIABETES......Page 135
STUDY TASKS......Page 138
FURTHER READING......Page 139
INTRODUCTION......Page 140
DEFINITION OF OBESITY......Page 141
PREVALENCE OF OBESITY......Page 142
GENETIC INFLUENCE ON OBESITY......Page 145
ENERGY BALANCE AND OBESITY......Page 146
EXERCISE, RESTING METABOLIC RATE AND OBESITY......Page 148
PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AS A CAUSE OF OBESITY......Page 150
SUMMARY......Page 154
FURTHER READING......Page 155
INTRODUCTION......Page 156
DEFINITION OF THE INSULIN RESISTANCE SYNDROME......Page 157
ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH INSULIN RESISTANCE......Page 158
Lipid and lipoprotein metabolism......Page 159
Obesity......Page 160
Associations with level of physical activity......Page 162
EXERCISE AND POSTPRANDIAL LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM......Page 163
PREVENTION......Page 167
SUMMARY......Page 169
STUDY TASKS......Page 170
FURTHER READING......Page 171
INTRODUCTION......Page 172
CARCINOGENESIS......Page 173
What initiates carcinogenesis?......Page 174
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND COLORECTAL CANCER......Page 175
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND BREAST CANCER......Page 178
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND OTHER CANCERS......Page 181
Systemic mechanisms......Page 182
Site-specific mechanisms......Page 184
SUMMARY......Page 186
STUDY TASKS......Page 187
WEB-BASED RESOURCES......Page 188
INTRODUCTION......Page 190
BIOLOGY OF BONE......Page 191
ADAPTATION TO LOAD-BEARING......Page 194
Osteoporotic fractures......Page 197
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND RISK OF HIP FRACTURE......Page 199
Physical activity and bone gain during growth......Page 200
Physical activity and bone in pre-menopausal women and in men......Page 201
Physical activity and BMD in post-menopausal women......Page 204
PREVENTIVE POSSIBILITIES......Page 207
STUDY TASKS......Page 209
FURTHER READING......Page 210
Part III Ageing, Therapeutic Exercise and Public Health......Page 212
INTRODUCTION......Page 214
Maximum oxygen uptake......Page 215
Muscle strength......Page 217
EXERCISE TRAINING AND FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY IN OLDER INDIVIDUALS......Page 218
Maximum oxygen uptake......Page 219
Muscle strength......Page 220
Other factors......Page 222
EXERCISE, AGEING AND INDEPENDENT LIVING......Page 223
Disease and disability......Page 224
INTERVENTION TRIALS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE ELDERLY......Page 225
SUMMARY......Page 227
FURTHER READING......Page 228
INTRODUCTION......Page 230
Secondary prevention (mortality and morbidity)......Page 231
Effects on modifiable risk factors......Page 234
Health status......Page 235
HYPERTENSION......Page 236
TYPE 2 DIABETES......Page 237
OBESITY......Page 241
RESPIRATORY DISEASES......Page 244
OTHER CONDITIONS......Page 247
SUMMARY......Page 248
FURTHER READING......Page 249
INTRODUCTION......Page 252
Running......Page 253
Moderate levels of physical activity......Page 254
TRIGGERING OF HEART ATTACK, SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH......Page 255
MENSTRUAL DYSFUNCTION: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND CORRELATES......Page 258
Mechanisms of menstrual disorders in physically active women......Page 260
Clinical consequences......Page 261
Mechanisms of bone loss in athletic amenorrhoea......Page 262
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION AND IMPAIRED IMMUNE FUNCTION......Page 263
PREVENTION......Page 265
FURTHER READING......Page 266
INTRODUCTION......Page 268
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY......Page 270
Moderate intensity......Page 271
Accumulating activity throughout the day......Page 272
Lifestyle activity......Page 273
Overall evaluation of basis for newer aspects of physical activity recommendations......Page 274
CHANGING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY BEHAVIOURS......Page 276
BENEFITS VERSUS RISKS......Page 277
WALKING AS THE BASIS OF PUBLIC HEALTH STRATEGY......Page 278
A‘BEST BUY IN PUBLIC HEALTH’? (MORRIS 1994)......Page 280
SUMMARY......Page 281
NOTES......Page 282
FURTHER READING......Page 283
Bibliography......Page 290
Index......Page 310