PHP & MySQL: Novice to Ninja

PHP & MySQL: Novice to Ninja, 7th Edition
Notice of Rights
Notice of Liability
Trademark Notice
About Tom Butler
About SitePoint
Table of Contents
Preface
	Who Should Read This Book
	Programming Has Changed
	It Takes 10,000 Hours to Become an Expert
	Resist the Temptation to Skip Ahead
	The Concorde Fallacy
	You’re Not Learning PHP
	Getting Braces and Semicolons in the Right Place Is the Easy Part
	You Won’t Get Anything Done by Planning
		Okay, Design Isn’t All Bad
	Where to Find Help
		The SitePoint Forums
		The Code Archive
	Your Feedback
	Let’s Go
		Code Samples
		Tips, Notes, and Warnings
			Hey, You!
			Ahem, Excuse Me ...
			Make Sure You Always ...
			Watch Out!
Installation
	Your Own Web Server
		Server Setup 1: Manually Installing All the Software Components
		Server Setup 2: Pre-packaged Installations
		Server Setup 3: Virtual Servers
		Server Setup 4: Docker
	Getting Started
		Installation on Windows
			Windows 11 Caveat
		Installation on macOS
		Installation on Linux
	Getting Started with Docker
		GitHub and Repositories
		Using Git
		Apache and NGINX
		Compose Yourself
		Ups and Downs
		Connecting to the Server and Creating Your First File
			Folder Levels
			Text Editors
	We’re All Set Up
Introducing PHP
		JavaScript on the Server
	Basic Syntax and Statements
		Code Editors and Syntax Highlighting
	Variables, Operators, and Comments
		Variables
		Operators
			Comments
	Control Structures
		If Statements
			Assignment and Equality
			A Lucky Escape
			and and or
		Loops
			For Loops
			For Loop Challenges
			While Loops
			Coding Style
	Arrays
		The array Keyword versus Square Brackets
		Escaping the Apostrophe
	User Interaction and Forms
		JavaScript and Interactivity
		Passing Variables in Links
			Converting Code to Escape Sequences
			Character Encoding
			PHP Constants
	Passing Variables in Forms
		Styling with CSS
		GET or POST?
	Hiding the Seams
		PHP Templates
			Parentheses with Includes
		Security Concerns
		Many Templates, One Controller
			Directory Index
			Sessions
	Bring On the Database
Introducing MySQL
	An Introduction to Databases
		Combining Columns as a Unique Identifier
	MySQL
		MySQL and MariaDB
	Using MySQL Workbench to Run SQL Queries
		Up versus Start
		Case Sensitivity
	Creating a Database
	Structured Query Language
		Dive Deeper into SQL
		Case Sensitivity and Convention
	Creating a Table
	Adding Data
		Displaying the Bottom Panel on Low-res Screens
	A Word of Warning
		Where’s the Darned Backtick Key?
	Viewing Stored Data
		Using * Instead
	Modifying Stored Data
		WHERE is Optional
	Deleting Stored Data
		Again, WHERE is Optional
	Let PHP Do the Typing
Publishing MySQL Data on the Web
		MySQL and MariaDB
	The Big Picture
	Creating a MySQL User Account
	Connecting to MySQL with PHP
		Turning Off Exception Throwing
		Uncaught Exceptions
		The $e Variable
		Schemas
	A Crash Course in Object-oriented Programming
		Configuring the Connection
			Other Ways to Set the Charset
			What Happens after the Script Has Finished?
	Sending SQL Queries with PHP
	Handling SELECT Result Sets
		Using foreach
		Using the Shorthand
	Thinking Ahead
		Only Connect to the Database Where Necessary
	Inserting Data into the Database
	Magic Quotes
	Prepared Statements
	Deleting Data from the Database
		Using a foreach Loop Instead
		Why Aren’t the Form and Input Tags Outside the Blockquote?
		Prepared Statements Necessary?
		Don’t Use Hyperlinks to Perform Actions
	Mission Accomplished
Relational Database Design
	Giving Credit Where Credit Is Due
		Recreating a Database from Scratch
		If You’ve Logged Out or Rebooted
	Rule of Thumb: Keep Entities Separate
		Both Kinds of INSERT
	SELECT with Multiple Tables
	Simple Relationships
	Many-to-many Relationships
		INNER and OUTER Joins
	One for Many, and Many for One
Structured PHP Programming
	Include Files
		Including HTML Content
			The .html.php Extension
		Including PHP Code
			Naming Files
		Types of Includes
			include vs require
	Custom Functions and Function Libraries
		Variable Scope
			Be Careful Where You Place Your Files
			Why Global Variables Are Bad
	Breaking Up Your Code into Reusable Functions
		Using Functions to Replace Queries
		Updating Jokes
		Editing Jokes on the Website
		Delete Function
		Select Function
	The Best Way
Improving the Insert and Update Functions
	Improving the Update Function
		The .= Operator
		Writing Functions
		Improving the Insert Function
	Handling Dates
		Avoid Copy/pasting
		Displaying the Joke Date
	Making Your Own Tools
	Generic Functions
	Using These Functions
		The N+1 Problem
	Repeated Code Is the Enemy
		Creating a Page for Adding and Editing
			Performance Overheads
	Further Polishing
	Moving Forward
Objects and Classes
	Time for Class
		Naming Your Class Files
		Methods vs Functions
	Public vs Private
	Protected
		Creating Subclasses through Inheritance
	Objects
	Class Variables
	Constructors
		Magic Methods
		Placing Your Constructor Methods
	Type Hinting
	Private Variables
	Constructor Property Promotion
	Using the DatabaseTable Class
		Omitting the Closing PHP Tag from Your Files
	Updating the Controller to Use the Class
	DRY
	Creating a Controller Class
	Single Entry Point
	Keeping it DRY
	Template Variables
		Only Use extract on Data You Control
	Be Careful with extract
	Summary
Creating an Extensible Framework
	Search Engine Optimization
		Configuration: PHP vs Server
		HTTP Response Codes
	Thinking Ahead: User Registration
		1. Include the Relevant Controller
		2. Create an Instance of the Controller
		Dependencies
			What Not to Do
		3. Call the Action on the Correct Controller
		Done
	URL Rewriting
		Configuring NGINX and Apache
	Tidying Up
		Make it OOP
	Reusing Code on Different Websites
		Generic or Project-specific?
		Making EntryPoint Generic
	Autoloading
		Case Sensitivity
		Implement an Autoloader
	Redecorating
		Namespaces
		Autoloading with PSR-4
			Composer
		And the REST
			REST Methods
		Non-web Applications
	Enforcing Dependency Structure with Interfaces
	Error Handling
	Your Own Framework
Allowing Users to Register Accounts
		Using empty()
	Validating Email Addresses
	Preventing the Same Person from Registering Twice
	Securely Storing Passwords
		The Importance of Unique Passwords
	Registration Complete
	Chapter Summary
Cookies, Sessions, and Access Control
	Cookies
		Square Brackets
		UNIX Timestamps
		Using Correct Names
	PHP Sessions
		Sessions with GET Variables Instead of Cookies
		Creating the $_SESSION Variable
		Counting Visits with Sessions
	Access Control
		Logging In
			Hashing
		Protected Pages
	Creating a Login Form
		Use POST for Logging In
		Failed Login Messages
	Logging Out
		Assigning Added Jokes to the Logged-in User
		User Permissions
		Mission Accomplished?
	The Sky’s the Limit
Relationships
	Object Relational Mappers
		Arrays Containing Functions
		Public Properties
		Methods in Entity Classes
		Using Entity Classes from the DatabaseTable Class
		Joke Objects
		Using the Joke Class
		References
		Simplifying the List Controller Action
	Tidying Up
		Caching
	Joke Categories
		Processing Power vs Memory
		List Page
	Assigning Jokes to Categories
		Aesthetic Choices
		Converting Arrays to Objects
		Assigning Categories to Jokes
	Displaying Jokes by Category
	Editing Jokes
	User Roles
		Constant Conventions
	Creating a Form to Assign Permissions
		Author List
		Edit Author Permissions
			Reflection
			A Challenge
		Setting Permissions
		Storing Permissions in the Database
		A Crash Course in Binary
		Be Bit-wise
			Bitwise Permissions
		Back to PHP
		Storing Bitwise Permissions in the Database
		Join Table and Bitwise Approaches: Pros and Cons
		Cleaning Up
		Editing Other People’s Jokes
	Phew!
Content Formatting and Pagination
	Regular Expressions
		Escaping Delimiters
		Use of Single Quotes
	String Replacement with Regular Expressions
		Emphasized Text
			Not Quite Markdown
			 and  vs  and 
			Double Quotes and Dollar Signs in Regular Expressions
			The s Pattern Modifier
		Paragraphs
			Line Breaks and Software
			Avoid Using Double-quoted Strings with Regular Expressions
		Hyperlinks
			Linking in Markdown
	Putting It All Together
		Why Using Markdown is Cool
	Sorting, Limiting and Offsets
		Sorting
		Pagination with LIMIT and OFFSET
			What If I Don’t Know any Jokes?
		Pagination in Categories
	Achievement Unlocked: Ninja
		What Next?