Photovoltaic solar energy : from fundamentals to applications

Content: List of Contributors xxvii     Foreword xxxii     Acknowledgments xxxiv     About the Companion Website xxxv     Part One INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOVOLTAICS 1     1.1 Introduction 3  Angele Reinders, Wilfried van Sark, and Pierre Verlinden     List of Symbols 11     Constants 11     List of Acronyms 11     References 11     Part Two BASIC FUNCTIONAL PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 13     2.1 Semiconductor Materials and their Properties 15  Angele Reinders     List of Symbols 19     List of Acronyms 19     References 20     2.2 Doping, Diffusion, and Defects in Solar Cells 21  Pierre J. Verlinden     List of Symbols 31     List of Acronyms 31     References 31     2.3 Absorption and Generation 32  Seth Hubbard     References 38     2.4 Recombination 39  Seth Hubbard     References 46     2.5 Carrier Transport 47  Seth Hubbard     References 53     2.6 PN Junctions and the Diode Equation 54  Seth Hubbard     Acknowledgments 63     List of Symbols 63     List of Acronyms 65     References 66     Part Three CRYSTALLINE SILICON TECHNOLOGIES 67     3.1 Silicon Materials: Electrical and Optical Properties 69  Andreas Fell     List of Symbols 77     List of Acronyms 77     References 78     3.2 Silicon Solar Cell Device Structures 80  Andrew Blakers and Ngwe Zin     References 90     3.3 Interdigitated Back Contact Solar Cells 92  Pierre Verlinden     3.4 Heterojunction Silicon Solar Cells 104  Wilfried van Sark     List of Symbols 110     List of Acronyms 111     References 112     3.5 Surface Passivation and Emitter Recombination Parameters 114  Bram Hoex     List of Symbols 121     List of Acronyms 122     References 122     3.6 Passivated Contacts 125  Martin Hermle     List of Symbols 133     List of Acronyms 133     References 134     3.7 Light Management in Silicon Solar Cells 136  Zachary Holman and Mathieu Boccard     List of Symbols 147     List of Acronyms 148     References 149     3.8 Numerical Simulation of Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells 150  Pietro Altermatt     References 158     3.9 Advanced Concepts 160  Martin Green     List of Acronyms 166     References 166     Part Four CHALCOGENIDE THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS 167     4.1 Basics of Chalcogenide Thin Film Solar Cells 169  Susanne Siebentritt     List of Symbols 176     List of Acronyms 176     References 176     4.2 Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and CdTe Absorber Materials and their Properties 179  Sylvain Marsillac     List of Symbols 187     List of Acronyms 187     References 188     4.3 Contacts, Buffers, Substrates, and Interfaces 190  Negar Naghavi     List of Acronyms 200     References 200     4.4 CIGS Module Design and Manufacturing 204  William Shafarman     List of Acronyms 211     References 211     Part Five THIN FILM SILICON   BASED PV TECHNOLOGIES 213     5.1 Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells 215  Etienne Moulin, Jan   Willem Schuttauf, and Christophe Ballif     List of Symbols 223     References 224     5.2 Thin Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells on Glass 226  Onno Gabriel, Daniel Amkreutz, Jan Haschke, Bernd Rech, and Rutger Schlatmann     Acknowledgments 235     List of Symbols and Acronyms 235     References 236     5.3 Light Management in Crystalline and Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells 238  Franz Haug     List of Symbols 244     List of Acronyms 245     References 245     5.4 New Future Concepts 248  Jan   Willem Schuttauf, Etienne Moulin, and Christophe Ballif     List of Symbols 253     References 253     Part Six ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS 255     6.1 Solid   State Organic Photovoltaics 257  Bernard Kippelen     Acknowledgments 265     Acronyms 265     References 265     6.2 Hybrid and Dye   Sensitized Solar Cells 267  Woojun Yoon     References 275     6.3 Perovskite Solar Cells 277  Samuel D. Stranks and Henry J. Snaith     References 289     6.4 Organic PV Module Design and Manufacturing 292  Veronique S. Gevaerts     List of Acronyms 301     References 302     Part Seven CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENTS METHODS 303     7.1 Methods and Instruments for the Characterization of Solar Cells 305  Halden Field     List of Symbols 320     List of Acronyms 320     References 320     7.2 Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence Characterization in Silicon Photovoltaics 322  Thorsten Trupke     Acknowledgments 334     List of Symbols 334     List of Acronyms 335     References 335     7.3 Measurement of Carrier Lifetime, Surface Recombination Velocity , and Emitter Recombination Parameters 339  Henner Kampwerth     List of Symbols 347     List of Acronyms 348     References 348     7.4 In   situ Measurements, Process Control, and Defect Monitoring 350  Angus Rockett     List of Acronyms 360     References 360     7.5 PV Module Performance Testing and Standards 362  Geoffrey S. Kinsey     List of Symbols 368     List of Acronyms 368     References 369     Part Eight III   Vs AND PV CONCENTRATOR TECHNOLOGIES 371     8.1 III   V Solar Cells     Materials, Multi   Junction Cells     Cell Design and Performance 373  Frank Dimroth     Acknowledgments 380     List of Acronyms 380     References 380     8.2 New and Future III   V Cells and Concepts 383  Simon Fafard     List of Acronyms and Symbols 393     References 393     8.3 High Concentration PV Systems 396  Karin Hinzer, Christopher E. Valdivia, and John P.D. Cook     List of Acronyms 408     References 409     8.4 Operation of CPV Power Plants: Energy Prediction 411  Geoffrey S. Kinsey     List of Acronyms 418     References 418     8.5 The Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) 420  Michael Debije     List of Symbols 428     List of Acronyms 428     References 429     Part Nine SPACE TECHNOLOGIES 431     9.1 Materials, Cell Structures, and Radiation Effects 433  Rob Walters     List of Symbols and Units 442     References 442     9.2 Space PV Systems and Flight Demonstrations 444  Phillip Jenkins     Acknowledgments 453     List of Acronyms 453     References 454     9.3 A Vision on Future Developments in Space Photovoltaics 455  David Wilt     List of Symbols 461     List of Acronyms 461     References 462     Part Ten PV MODULES AND MANUFACTURING 463     10.1 Manufacturing of Various PV Technologies 465  Alison Lennon and Rhett Evans     Acknowledgements 474     List of Abbreviations 474     References 474     10.2 Encapsulant Materials for PV Modules 478  Michael Kempe     Acknowledgments 488     List of Symbols 488     List of Acronyms 488     References 489     10.3 Reliability and Durability of PV Modules 491  Sarah Kurtz     Acknowledgments 500     References 501     10.4 Advanced Module Concepts 502  Pierre Verlinden     List of Symbols 508     List of Acronyms 508     References 509     Part Eleven PV SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS 511     11.1 Grid-Connected PV Systems 513  Greg J. Ball     Acknowledgments 527     List of Acronyms 528     References 529     11.2 Inverters, Power Optimizers, and Microinverters 530  Chris Deline     List of Symbols 537     List of Acronyms 537     References 538     11.3 Stand-Alone and Hybrid PV Systems 539  Matthias Vetter and Georg Bopp     References 552     11.4 PV System Monitoring and Characterization 553  Wilfried van Sark, Atse Louwen, Odysseas Tsafarakis, and Panos Moraitis     Acknowledgments 561     List of Symbols 561     List of Acronyms 562     References 562     11.5 Energy Prediction and System Modeling 564  Joshua S. Stein     List of Symbols and Acronyms 575     References 577     11.6 Building Integrated Photovoltaics 579  Michiel Ritzen, Zeger Vroon, and Chris Geurts     List of Acronyms 588     References 588     11.7 Product Integrated Photovoltaics 590  Angele Reinders and Georgia Apostolou     List of Acronym 598     References 598     Part Twelve PV DEPLOYMENT IN DISTRIBUTION GRIDS 601     12.1 PV Systems in Smart Energy Homes: PowerMatching City 603  Albert van den Noort     List of Acronyms 610     References 611     12.2 New Future Solutions: Best Practices from European PV Smart Grid Projects 612  Gianluca Fulli and Flavia Gangale     List of Acronyms 619     References 619     Part Thirteen SUPPORTING METHODS AND TOOLS 621     13.1 The Economics of PV Systems 623  Matthew Campbell     List of Acronyms 633     References 633     13.2 People   s Involvement in Residential PV and their Experiences 634  Barbara van Mierlo     References 644     13.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Photovoltaics 646  Vasilis Fthenakis     References 656     13.4 List of International Standards Related to PV 658  Pierre Verlinden and Wilfried van Sark     Acknowledgements 671     References 671     Index 672