Photorefractive Materials for Dynamic Optical Recording: Fundamentals, Characterization, and Technology

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
List of Figures......Page 13
List of Tables......Page 35
Preface......Page 37
Acknowledgments......Page 39
Part I Fundamentals......Page 41
 Introduction......Page 43
   1.1.1 Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media......Page 45
   1.1.3 Index Ellipsoid......Page 46
  1.3 Electro‐Optic Effect......Page 48
   1.5.1 Index Ellipsoid......Page 51
    1.5.1.1 Index Ellipsoid with Applied Electric Field......Page 53
   1.5.3 Lithium Niobate......Page 55
   1.5.4 KDP‐(KH2PO4)......Page 56
  1.6 Concluding Remarks......Page 57
 Chapter 2 Photoactive Centers and Photoconductivity......Page 59
  2.1 Photoactive Centers: Deep and Shallow Traps......Page 60
   2.1.1 Cadmium Telluride......Page 61
   2.1.2 Sillenite‐Type Crystals......Page 62
    2.1.2.1 Doped Sillenites......Page 65
  2.2 Luminescence......Page 68
   2.3.1 Localized States: Traps and Recombination Centers......Page 69
   2.3.2 Theoretical Models......Page 72
    2.3.2.1 One‐Center Model......Page 75
    2.3.2.2 Two‐Center/One‐Charge Carrier Model......Page 77
  2.4 Photovoltaic Effect......Page 80
    2.4.1.2 Some Photovoltaic Nonferroelectric Materials......Page 81
   2.4.2 Light Polarization‐Dependent Photovoltaic Effect......Page 83
  2.5 Nonlinear Photovoltaic Effect......Page 84
   2.5.1 Light‐Induced Absorption and Nonlinear Photovoltaic Effects......Page 86
   2.5.2 Deep and Shallow Centers......Page 87
  2.6 Light‐Induced Absorption or Photochromic Effect......Page 88
  2.7 Dember or Light‐Induced Schottky Effect......Page 91
   2.7.1 Dember and Photovoltaic Effects......Page 94
Part II Holographic Recording......Page 95
 Introduction......Page 96
 Chapter 3 Recording a Space‐Charge Electric Field......Page 97
  3.1 Index‐of‐Refraction Modulation......Page 100
  3.2 General Formulation......Page 103
   3.2.2 Solution for Steady‐State......Page 104
  3.3 First Spatial Harmonic Approximation......Page 106
   3.3.1 Steady‐State Stationary Process......Page 108
    3.3.1.1 Diffraction Efficiency......Page 109
   3.3.2 Time‐Evolution Process: Constant Modulation......Page 110
  3.4 Steady‐State Nonstationary Process: Running Holograms......Page 112
   3.4.1 Running Holograms with Hole‐Electron Competition......Page 116
    3.4.1.1 Mathematical Model......Page 118
   3.5.1 Uniform Illumination: ∂N/∂x=0......Page 124
   3.5.2 Interference Pattern of Light......Page 125
    3.5.2.1 Influence of Donor Density......Page 126
  4.1 Coupled Wave Theory: Fixed Grating......Page 129
   4.1.2 Out of Bragg Condition......Page 131
   4.2.1 Combined Phase‐Amplitude Stationary Gratings......Page 132
    4.2.1.1 Fundamental Properties......Page 134
    4.2.1.2 Irradiance......Page 135
    4.2.2.1 Time Evolution......Page 136
    4.2.2.2 Stationary Hologram......Page 140
    4.2.2.3 Steady‐State Nonstationary Hologram with Wave‐Mixing and Bulk Absorption......Page 146
    4.2.2.4 Gain and Stability in Two‐Wave Mixing......Page 150
  4.3 Phase Modulation......Page 155
    4.3.1.1 Phase Modulation in the Signal Beam......Page 156
    4.3.1.2 Output Phase Shift......Page 158
  4.4 Four‐Wave Mixing......Page 159
  4.5 Conclusions......Page 160
  5.1 Coupled‐Wave with Anisotropic Diffraction......Page 161
  5.2 Anisotropic Diffraction and Optical Activity......Page 162
   5.2.2 Output Polarization Direction......Page 163
  6.1 Introduction......Page 165
  6.2 Mathematical Formulation......Page 167
   6.2.1 Stabilized Stationary Recording......Page 169
   6.2.2 Stabilized Recording of Running (Nonstationary) Holograms......Page 170
    6.2.2.2 Speed of the Fringe‐Locked Running Hologram......Page 172
   6.2.3 Self‐Stabilized Recording with Arbitrarily Selected Phase Shift......Page 173
  6.3 Self‐Stabilized Recording in Actual Materials......Page 175
   6.3.2 Self‐Stabilized Recording in LiNbO3......Page 176
    6.3.2.1 Holographic Recording without Constraints......Page 177
    6.3.2.2 Self‐Stabilized Recording......Page 182
Part III Materials Characterization......Page 191
 Introduction......Page 192
  7.1 Electro‐Optic Coefficient......Page 195
  7.2 Light‐Induced Absorption......Page 197
  7.3 Dark Conductivity......Page 201
  7.4 Photoconductivity......Page 202
   7.4.1 Photoconductivity in Bulk Material......Page 203
   7.4.2 Alternating Current Technique......Page 204
    7.4.3.1 Transverse Configuration......Page 206
    7.4.3.2 Longitudinal Configuration......Page 210
   7.5.1 Wavelength‐Resolved Photo‐Electric Conversion (WRPC)......Page 213
    7.5.1.1 Undoped BTO......Page 214
  7.6 Modulated Photoconductivity......Page 215
   7.6.1 Quantum Efficiency and Mobility‐Lifetime Product......Page 216
   7.7.1 Speckle‐Photo‐Electromotive‐Force (SPEMF) Techniques......Page 218
    7.7.1.1 Speckle Pattern onto a Photorefractive Material: Stationary State......Page 219
  8.2 Direct Holographic Techniques......Page 229
   8.2.1 Energy Coupling......Page 230
   8.2.2 Diffraction Efficiency......Page 232
   8.2.3 Holographic Sensitivity......Page 233
  8.4 Hologram Erasure......Page 235
    8.4.1.1 Bulk Absorption......Page 236
   8.5.1 Fe‐doped LiNbO3: Hologram Erasure under White Light Illumination......Page 237
    8.5.2.1 Undoped BTO under λ=780 nm Illumination......Page 239
    8.5.2.2 Bi12TiO20:Pb (BTO:Pb)......Page 240
    8.5.2.3 Bi12TiO20:V (BTO:V)......Page 242
    8.5.2.4 Holographic Relaxation in the Dark: Dark Conductivity......Page 243
   8.6.1 Holographic Sensitivity......Page 245
   8.6.2 Holographic Phase‐Shift Measurement......Page 246
   8.6.3 Photorefractive Response Time......Page 247
   8.6.4 Selective Two‐Wave Mixing......Page 250
    8.6.4.1 Amplitude and Phase Effects in GaAs......Page 252
   8.6.5 Running Holograms......Page 254
  8.7 Holographic Photo‐Electromotive‐Force (HPEMF) Techniques......Page 258
  9.1 Holographic Phase Shift......Page 269
   9.2.1 Absorbing Materials......Page 272
   9.2.2 Characterization of Materials......Page 274
    9.2.2.1 Measurements......Page 275
    9.2.2.2 Theoretical Fitting......Page 276
  9.3 Characterization of LiNbO3:Fe......Page 279
Part IV Applications......Page 283
 Introduction......Page 284
  10.1 Measurement of Vibration and Deformation......Page 285
  10.2 Experimental Setup......Page 286
    10.2.2.2 Distribution of Light among Reference and Object Beams......Page 287
   10.2.3 Self‐Stabilization Feedback Loop......Page 289
   10.2.4 Vibrations......Page 291
   10.2.5 Deformation and Tilting......Page 292
    10.2.5.1 Applications of PEMF to Mechanical Vibration Measurements......Page 296
  11.2 Fixed Holograms in LiNbO3......Page 297
    11.2.1.1 Theory......Page 298
    11.2.1.2 Experiment: Simultaneous Recording and Compensating......Page 300
  12.1 Photoelectric Conversion Efficiency: Dember and Photovoltaic Effects......Page 303
Part V Appendix......Page 305
 Introduction......Page 306
  A.1.1 Diffraction......Page 307
 A.2 Instrumental Detection......Page 308
 B.1 Angular Bragg Selectivity......Page 311
  B.1.2 Probe Beam......Page 312
 B.2 Reversible Holograms......Page 314
 B.3 High Index‐of‐Refraction Material......Page 315
Appendix C Effectively Applied Electric Field......Page 319
 D.1 Temperature......Page 321
  D.1.1 Debye Screening Length......Page 322
   D.1.1.1 Debye Length in Photorefractives......Page 323
 D.2 Diffusion and Mobility......Page 324
Appendix E Photodiodes......Page 327
 E.1 Photovoltaic Regime......Page 328
 E.2 Photoconductive Regime......Page 329
 E.3 Operational Amplifier......Page 330
Bibliography......Page 331
Index......Page 345
EULA......Page 355