Photo-Driven Seawater Splitting for Hydrogen Production

Acknowledgement
Contents
About the Editor
Electrocatalytic Seawater Splitting
	1 Preface
	2 Principles of Electrocatalytic SW Splitting
		2.1 The Basic Principles for Electrocatalytic SW Splitting
		2.2 Features of Electrocatalytic SW Splitting
	3 Materials Used for the HER in SW
		3.1 Noble Metal-Based Materials
		3.2 Non-noble Metal-Based Materials
	4 Materials Used for OER in SW
		4.1 Metal Oxides or (Oxy)hydroxides
		4.2 Metal Nitrides
		4.3 Metal Sulfides
		4.4 Compounds and Others
	5 Bifunctional Materials Used for HER/OER in SW
		5.1 Metals
		5.2 Metal Oxides or (Oxy)hydroxides
		5.3 Metal Nitrides
		5.4 Metal Phosphides
		5.5 Metal Chalcogenides
		5.6 Compounds
	6 Industrialization
		6.1 Electrolyzers
		6.2 Purification Technique and Cost Analysis
		6.3 SW Reverse Osmosis Coupled with Water Electrolysis
	7 Conclusion
	8 Outlook
	References
Photocatalytic Seawater Splitting
	1 Preface
	2 Principles
		2.1 Mechanism for H2 Production in PCSW Systems
		2.2 Measurement of the Performance of PCWS Systems
		2.3 Features and Effects on the Performance
	3 Materials Used for PCSS
		3.1 Introduction (Material Type, Synthesis, Structure, Characteristic Properties, and Performance in Seawater Splitting)
		3.2 TiO2-based Materials
		3.3 Polymer-Based Materials
		3.4 Solid Solution-Based Materials
		3.5 Other Types of Materials
	4 Industrialization
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Economical Costs versus Practical Value
		4.3 Large-Scale Synthesis of Photocatalysts
		4.4 System Design
		4.5 Technology Cost Competitiveness
	5 Perspectives
	6 Conclusion
	References
Photoelectrocatalytic Seawater Splitting
	1 Preface
	2 Principles Serving as the Foundation of Photoelectrocatalytic Water Splitting
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Mechanism of PEC Water Splitting
		2.3 Features of PEC Water Splitting and Effects on the Performance
	3 Materials Used in PEC Seawater Splitting Systems
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Understanding the PEC SW Splitting Mechanisms
		3.3 Metal Oxides Materials for Seawater Splitting
		3.4 Non-oxide Photoelectrodes for Seawater Splitting
	4 Implementation
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Efficiency and Cost
		4.3 PEC Systems and Devices
	5 Challenges
		5.1 Unassisted STH Conversion Inefficiency
		5.2 Self-oxidation/reduction Promoted Photocorrosion
		5.3 Scale-Up for Creating Practical PEC Devices
	6 Summary and Outlook
	References
Photovoltaic Electrocatalytic Seawater Splitting
	1 Introduction
	2 Principles
		2.1 PV Cells
		2.2 Electrocatalytic Seawater Splitting
		2.3 Historical Development PVEC Seawater Splitting Systems
	3 Progress Made in Designing Efficient PVEC Seawater Splitting Systems
		3.1 Metals
		3.2 Intermetallic Compounds
		3.3 Metal/Intermetallic Composites
	4 Industrialization
		4.1 PV Cells
		4.2 Electrocatalytic Seawater Splitting
		4.3 Photovoltaic Electrocatalytic Seawater Splitting
	5 Conclusion
	6 Perspectives
	References
Solar Thermochemical Water-Splitting
	1 Preface
	2 Principle of Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen (STCH) Water-Splitting
		2.1 The Basic Principles for STCH Water Splitting
		2.2 Mechanism of STCH Water Splitting
	3 Materials Used for STCH Water Splitting
		3.1 ZnO/Zn
		3.2 SnO2/SnO
		3.3 CeO2/CeO2−δ
		3.4 Fe3O4/FeO Cycle and MFe2O4/MFe2O4−δ
		3.5 Perovskites (ABO3)
		3.6 Polymetallic Oxides
		3.7 Sulfur Family
	4 Reactor
		4.1 Reactor for Volatile Metal Oxides
		4.2 Reactor for Non-Volatile Metal Oxides
	5 Perspectives for Solar Thermochemical Seawater-Splitting
		5.1 Desalinating Seawater for STCH
		5.2 Seawater Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production via Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell (SOEC)
	6 Challenges and Outlook
	References
Photo-Driven Biocatalytic Seawater Splitting
	1 Introduction
	2 Hydrogen-Producing Enzymatic Processes in Organisms
		2.1 Nitrogenases
		2.2 Hydrogenases
	3 Semi-artificial Photosynthetic Biohybrids for Hydrogen Production
		3.1 Hydrogen Production Through Photosynthesis
		3.2 Semi-artificial Photosynthetic Biohybrids
	4 Hydrogen Production in Enzyme-Based SAPSs
		4.1 [FeFe]-Hydrogenase
		4.2 [NiFeSe]-Hydrogenase
	5 Hydrogen Production by Bacterial-Based Semi-artificial Biohybrids
		5.1 Shewanella Oneidensis MR-1
		5.2 Escherichia Coli
		5.3 Chlorella
		5.4 Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii
		5.5 Other Microorganisms
	6 Perspective
	7 Conclusion
	References