Phonetics and Philology: Sound Change in Italic

Contents......Page 20
1 Introduction: Phonetics and Philology......Page 26
1.1 Philology......Page 29
1.2 Phonetics......Page 31
2.1 The PIE voiced aspirates......Page 40
2.2 The Italic development......Page 44
3.1 The Italic evidence......Page 55
3.2 The Italic scripts and the representation of /f/......Page 58
3.2.2 F and ↑......Page 61
3.2.4 The origins of 8......Page 62
3.3.1 The Latin alphabet......Page 65
3.3.2 Latin: The lexical evidence......Page 66
3.3.3 Latin: From orthography to phonetics......Page 70
3.3.4 The development of the PIE voiced aspirates in Latin......Page 78
3.4 The evidence of Faliscan......Page 79
3.4.1 The writing systems of Faliscan......Page 80
3.4.2 Faliscan: The lexical evidence......Page 81
3.4.3 Faliscan: from orthography to phonetics......Page 84
3.4.4 The development of the PIE voiced aspirates in Faliscan......Page 88
3.5 The evidence of the early Sabellic inscriptions......Page 89
3.5.1 South Picene......Page 90
3.5.2 Presamnite......Page 96
3.5.3 Old Umbrian......Page 98
3.5.5 Old Hernican......Page 101
3.6 The evidence of Oscan......Page 102
3.6.1 The writing systems of Oscan......Page 103
3.6.2 Oscan: The lexical evidence......Page 104
3.6.3 Oscan: From orthography to phonetics......Page 109
3.6.4 The development of the PIE voiced aspirates in Oscan......Page 123
3.7 The evidence of Umbrian......Page 124
3.7.1 The writing systems of Umbrian......Page 125
3.7.2 Umbrian: The lexical evidence......Page 126
3.7.3 Umbrian: From orthography to phonetics......Page 131
3.7.4 The development of the PIE voiced aspirates in Umbrian......Page 140
3.8 The evidence of the Minor Dialects......Page 141
3.8.1 Paelignian......Page 142
3.8.2 Marrucinian......Page 147
3.8.4 Sabine......Page 148
3.8.5 Aequian......Page 149
3.8.8 Volscian......Page 150
3.8.9 The development of the PIE voiced aspirates in the Minor Dialects......Page 151
3.9 External evidence......Page 152
3.9.1 The evidence of Etruscan......Page 153
3.9.2 The evidence of Greek......Page 157
3.10 The Italic reflexes: Summary......Page 166
4 The Traditional Arguments Reviewed......Page 169
4.1.1 The Italic reflexes......Page 171
4.1.2 Loanwords......Page 172
4.1.3 Conditioned changes......Page 175
4.1.4 The treatment of PIE *-s-......Page 179
4.2.1 Phonetic plausibility......Page 180
4.3 Summary and conclusions......Page 183
5 Phonetics, Predictions, Parallels......Page 185
5.1 Phonetics and predictions: The phonetics of \'voiced aspirates\'......Page 186
5.1.1 Breathy voiced stops: Phonation......Page 191
5.1.2 Breathy voiced stops: Articulation......Page 195
5.1.3 Breathy voiced stops: Aerodynamic factors......Page 197
5.1.4 Breathy voiced stops: Acoustics......Page 200
5.1.5 Breathy voiced stops: Perceptual cues......Page 204
5.1.6 Breathy voiced stops: Stress......Page 205
5.1.7 Breathy voiced stops: Word position......Page 206
5.1.8 Breathy voiced stops: Place of articulation......Page 207
5.1.10 The phonetics of breathy voiced stops: Predictions for change......Page 208
5.2 Parallels: The diachronic behaviour of voiced aspirates......Page 209
5.2.1 Attested parallels: Voiced aspirates from Old Indo-Aryan into New Indo-Aryan......Page 210
5.2.2 Attested parallels: The New Indo-Aryan languages......Page 212
5.2.4 Reconstructed parallels: The PIE voiced aspirates......Page 216
5.2.5 Reconstructed parallels and phonetic predictions......Page 218
5.3 Phonetics, predictions, and parallels......Page 219
6.1 Ascoli and Rix reviewed......Page 220
6.2 A phonetic explanation for the Italic development......Page 222
6.2.1 Word-initial position: for example *[bh-] > *[p[sup(h)]-] > [f-]......Page 227
6.2.2 Word-internal position: *[-bh-] > [-β-] (>Lat. [-b-])......Page 228
6.2.4 Specific changes for the dental/alveolar voiced aspirate......Page 231
6.2.5 Specific changes for the velar voiced aspirate......Page 232
6.2.6 Specific changes for the labiovelar voiced aspirate......Page 234
6.2.7 Conditioned changes......Page 236
6.2.8 The role of word-stress in the Italic development......Page 243
6.2.9 The Italic development as a system......Page 245
7 Concluding Remarks......Page 250
Bibliography......Page 252
Index of words......Page 276
C......Page 290
F......Page 291
L......Page 292
R......Page 293
V......Page 294
Z......Page 295