Phonetically Based Phonology

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Abbreviations......Page 10
1 Introduction......Page 11
2 Phonetically based Markedness and Optimality Theory......Page 12
4 Inductive and deductive approaches to the study of Markedness......Page 13
5.1 From phonetics to grammar......Page 16
5.2 Aerodynamics of voicing......Page 17
5.3 From aerodynamics to markedness to constraints......Page 18
5.4 From scales to sound patterns: some language data......Page 20
5.5 Markedness scales and language-specific phonetics......Page 22
5.6 The stabilisation problem......Page 24
5.7 The tension between formal symmetry and phonetic effectiveness......Page 25
6 Markedness scales beyond voicing......Page 27
6.1 Scales of perceptibility......Page 28
6.2 Scales of effort......Page 30
7 How the picture changes......Page 32
7.1 Segment licensing: syllables vs perceptibility......Page 33
7.2 Contrast and contrast-based constraints......Page 34
8.1 The role of speech processing......Page 35
8.2 The diachronic view of phonetics in phonology......Page 36
References......Page 37
Notes......Page 42
1 Introduction......Page 44
2.1 Cues to place contrasts in consonants......Page 47
2.2 Cues to manner contrasts in consonants......Page 49
2.3 Cues to voicing contrasts in consonants......Page 50
2.4 Cues to vowel quality......Page 51
3.1 Auditory influences on cue robustness......Page 52
3.2 Overlap, redundancy, and parallel transmission......Page 56
3.3 Modulation and increased salience......Page 57
4 Preferred segmental sequences......Page 59
5 Conclusion......Page 62
References......Page 63
1 Introduction......Page 68
2 Perception of place......Page 69
2.1 Target manner......Page 71
2.2 Target place......Page 73
2.3 Target position......Page 74
2.4 Trigger place......Page 75
3.1 Target manner......Page 76
3.2 Target place......Page 77
3.3 Position of the target consonant......Page 78
4 Analysis......Page 79
4.1 Target manner......Page 84
4.2 Target place......Page 86
4.3 Target position......Page 87
4.4 Trigger place......Page 88
5 Gradient assimilation......Page 89
References......Page 92
Notes......Page 96
1 Rounding harmony typology......Page 97
1.1 Rounding harmony and height......Page 98
1.2 Rounding harmony and backness......Page 100
1.3 Summary......Page 102
2.1 Articulation......Page 103
2.3 Perception......Page 104
2.5 What makes a good trigger?......Page 105
2.6 What makes a good target?......Page 107
2.7 Why should triggers and targets agree in height?......Page 108
2.8 Length-based trigger asymmetries......Page 110
3 Aconstraint-based account......Page 112
3.1 Constraints......Page 114
3.2 Sibe......Page 116
3.3 Factorial typology......Page 118
3.4 Cases of free variation......Page 119
4.1 Regressive harmony in Turkish loanwords......Page 120
4.2 Discussion and conclusions......Page 122
References......Page 123
Notes......Page 125
1 Introduction......Page 127
2.1 Elongated phonetic cues......Page 131
2.2 Stress-induced temporal shifts of V-V coarticulation......Page 135
2.3 CC coarticulation......Page 136
2.4 Auditory-stream decoupling......Page 137
3.1 Perceptual metathesis......Page 138
3.2 Compensatory metathesis......Page 145
3.3 Coarticulatory metathesis......Page 146
3.4 Auditory metathesis......Page 149
4.1 Typological gaps in metathesis patterns......Page 150
4.3 Summary and conclusion......Page 152
References......Page 153
Notes......Page 163
1 Introduction......Page 167
2.1 Sonorous rhyme duration is the carrier of contour tones......Page 168
2.2 Two phonetic scales – contour tone-bearing ability and tonal complexity......Page 169
2.3 Phonological factors that influence CCONTOUR......Page 170
2.4 Predictions about contour tone distribution by two competing approaches......Page 171
3.1 Overview of the survey......Page 176
3.2 Implicational laws......Page 177
3.3 Discussion of the survey......Page 178
4.2 Instrumental Studies......Page 179
5.1 Overview of the theoretical apparatus......Page 185
5.2 Constraints and their intrinsic rankings......Page 186
5.3 Assumptions made in the model......Page 187
5.4 Sample analyses......Page 188
6.1 Moras......Page 193
6.2 Gordon’s approach......Page 194
7 Conclusion......Page 195
References......Page 196
Notes......Page 199
1 Background on vowel reduction......Page 201
2 Contrast-enhancing reduction......Page 202
2.1 Licensing constraints and contrast enhancement......Page 203
2.2 Corner vs noncorner vowels......Page 204
2.4 Effect of Lic-Noncorner/Stress......Page 207
2.5 Licensing-based reduction creating novel vowel qualities......Page 210
3 Prominence reduction......Page 213
3.1 Prominence alignment......Page 214
3.2 Motivating prominence alignment......Page 216
3.3 Applying prominence alignment/reduction to vowel reduction......Page 219
3.4 Prominence reduction in Bulgarian......Page 220
3.5 Prominence reduction in Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole......Page 224
3.6 Prominence reduction and undershoot......Page 226
3.7 Other examples of prominence reduction......Page 228
3.8 Prominence reduction in additional contexts......Page 229
4 Two-pattern vowel-reduction systems......Page 231
5 Conclusion......Page 235
References......Page 236
Notes......Page 240
1 Introduction......Page 242
2 Perceptual markedness is a property of contrasts......Page 243
3 The Dispersion Theory of contrast......Page 246
3.1 Formulation of the constraints on contrast......Page 247
3.2 Some effects of Mindistconstraints......Page 252
4 Evidence for constraints on contrasts......Page 259
4.1 F2 contrasts and vowel dispersion......Page 260
4.2 Enhancement of stop voicing contrasts......Page 268
4.3 Allophonic and contrastive nasalisation......Page 273
5 Conclusion: working with constraints on contrast......Page 278
References......Page 280
Notes......Page 285
1 Introduction......Page 287
2.2 Representations of weight......Page 288
2.3 Weight uniformity......Page 290
3 Across-linguistic survey of weight......Page 291
4 The phonetic basis for weight-sensitive tone......Page 295
5 Weight-sensitive stress......Page 297
5.1 The role of structural simplicity in syllable weight......Page 298
5.2 Phonetic effectiveness and weight-sensitive stress......Page 300
5.4 Corpora......Page 301
5.5 Measurements......Page 302
5.6 Phonetic evaluation of potential weight criteria......Page 303
5.7 A quantitative metric of phonetic effectiveness......Page 304
5.8 The link between energy and language-specific weight distinctions......Page 305
5.9 The relationship between duration and syllable weight......Page 309
5.10 The influence of phonological structure on phonetic variation......Page 310
6 Aconstraint set for weight-sensitive stress......Page 313
6.1 Yana stress and the Stress constraints......Page 315
7 Conclusions......Page 317
References......Page 318
Notes......Page 320
1 Introduction......Page 323
2.1 Obligatory processes......Page 327
2.2 Variable processes in quasi-intervocalic position......Page 328
2.3 Lenition outside of quasi-intervocalic position......Page 329
3 Effort......Page 330
3.1 Effects of constriction degree......Page 331
3.2 Effects of speech rate and register......Page 332
3.3 Effects of flanking segments......Page 333
3.5 Aerodynamic effects......Page 335
3.6 Effects of precise constriction......Page 336
3.7 Summary......Page 338
4.1 The stable spirantisations......Page 339
4.2 The variable reductions, quasi-intervocalic position......Page 341
4.3 Lenition outside of quasi-intervocalic position......Page 349
4.4 Capture of typological generalisations......Page 351
5 Conclusion......Page 352
References......Page 353
Notes......Page 355
1 Introduction......Page 356
2 Current theories of language processing......Page 357
2.1 Spoken-word recognition and lexical neighbourhood effects......Page 358
2.2 Phonological encoding in speech production......Page 360
2.3 Models......Page 361
2.4 The problem of serial encoding......Page 363
2.5 Models of phonological encoding......Page 365
3 The segmental OCP......Page 366
4 The language-processing account......Page 371
4.1 Further predictions......Page 373
4.2 The reduplication problem......Page 376
References......Page 377
Notes......Page 381
Index......Page 382