Philosophy: A Text with Readings, 11th Edition

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 6
Copyright Page......Page 7
Dedication......Page 8
Preface......Page 18
Contents......Page 10
CHAPTER 1: The Nature of Philosophy......Page 26
Plato’s Myth of the Cave......Page 27
Plato’s Parable and “Doing” Philosophy......Page 29
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: Groupthink......Page 30
The Diversity of Philosophy......Page 31
Epistemology: The Study of Knowledge......Page 33
Metaphysics: The Study of Reality or Existence......Page 35
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: Philosophical Issues......Page 36
Ethics: The Study of Morality......Page 37
Other Philosophical Inquiries......Page 38
1.3 A PHILOSOPHER IN ACTION: SOCRATES......Page 39
Euthyphro: Do We Know What Holiness Is?......Page 41
The Republic: Is Justice What Benefits the Powerful?......Page 45
The Apology: Socrates’ Trial......Page 47
Crito: Do We Have an Obligation to Obey the Law?......Page 49
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: Breaking the Law for the Sake of Justice......Page 52
1.4 THE VALUE OF PHILOSOPHY......Page 53
The Buddha: Freedom from the Wheel of Existence......Page 54
Maslow: Actualizing Needs......Page 55
Other Benefits of Philosophy......Page 56
Philosophy: A Male Bias?......Page 57
The Price of Philosophy......Page 59
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 60
Pre-Socratic Western Philosophers......Page 62
Eastern Philosophers......Page 64
1.6 READING......Page 66
Voltaire, “Story of a Good Brahman”......Page 67
CHAPTER 2: Human Nature......Page 70
2.1 WHY DOES YOUR VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE MATTER?......Page 71
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: Is Selflessness Real?......Page 74
2.2 WHAT IS HUMAN NATURE?......Page 75
The Traditional Rationalistic View......Page 76
Traditional Judeo-Christian View of Human Nature......Page 80
The Darwinian Challenge......Page 83
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: Kanzi, the Rational Chimpanzee?......Page 89
The Existentialist Challenge......Page 90
The Feminist Challenge......Page 92
2.3 THE MIND–BODY PROBLEM: HOW DO MIND AND BODY RELATE?......Page 98
The Dualist View of Human Nature......Page 99
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: Evidence of the Soul......Page 100
The Materialist View of Human Nature......Page 101
The Mind/Brain Identity Theory of Human Nature......Page 102
The Behaviorist View of Human Nature......Page 104
The Functionalist View of Human Nature......Page 105
The Computer View of Human Nature......Page 107
Eliminative Materialism......Page 108
The New Dualism......Page 109
2.4 IS THERE AN ENDURING SELF?......Page 111
The Soul as the Enduring Self......Page 114
Memory as the Source of the Enduring Self......Page 115
The No-Self View......Page 117
2.5 ARE WE INDEPENDENT AND SELF-SUFFICIENT INDIVIDUALS?......Page 121
The Atomistic Self......Page 122
The Relational Self......Page 124
Power and Hegel’s View......Page 126
Culture and Self-Identity......Page 127
Search for the Real Self......Page 128
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 130
Plato......Page 133
Aristotle......Page 139
Confucius......Page 145
William Wordsworth, “Intimations of Immortality”......Page 149
Garrett J. Deweese and J. P. Moreland, “The Self and Substance 
Dualism”......Page 150
John R. Searle, “The Mind–Body Problem”......Page 152
CHAPTER 3: Reality and Being......Page 156
3.1 WHAT IS REAL?......Page 157
Metaphysical Questions of Reality......Page 159
The Search for Reality......Page 160
Materialism: Reality as Matter......Page 161
Objections to Materialism......Page 164
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: The Neutrino......Page 166
Idealism: Reality as Nonmatter......Page 167
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: Our Knowledge of the World......Page 170
Objections to Idealism......Page 173
3.3 REALITY IN PRAGMATISM......Page 176
Pragmatism’s Approach to Philosophy......Page 177
The Pragmatic Method......Page 178
Objections to Pragmatism......Page 181
3.4 REALITY AND LOGICAL POSITIVISM......Page 182
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: Parallel Universes......Page 184
Objections to Logical Positivism......Page 185
3.5 ANTIREALISM: THE HEIR OF PRAGMATISM AND IDEALISM......Page 187
Proponents of Antirealism......Page 188
Objections to Antirealism......Page 191
Phenomenology......Page 194
Existentialism......Page 201
Objections to Phenomenology and Existentialism......Page 207
3.7 IS FREEDOM REAL?......Page 209
Determinism......Page 211
Libertarianism......Page 214
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: Does Our Brain Make Our Decisions Before We Consciously Make Them?......Page 215
Compatibilism......Page 216
Time and Human Life......Page 219
Augustine: Only the Present Moment Is Real......Page 220
McTaggart: Subjective Time Is Not Real......Page 222
Kant: Time Is a Mental Construct......Page 223
Bergson: Only Subjective Time Is Real......Page 225
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 227
Hobbes......Page 230
Berkeley......Page 234
Russell Maloney, “A Toast to Captain Jerk”......Page 239
Robert Nozick, “Being More Real”......Page 241
CHAPTER 4: Philosophy and God......Page 244
4.1 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF RELIGION......Page 245
Defining Religion......Page 246
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: Defining Religion......Page 247
Religious Belief, Religious Experience, and Theology......Page 248
4.2 DOES GOD EXIST?......Page 249
The Ontological Argument......Page 251
The Cosmological Argument......Page 253
The Design Argument......Page 257
Theistic Alternatives to Traditional Monotheism......Page 263
Atheism......Page 265
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: God’s Omniscience and Free Will......Page 269
Agnosticism......Page 270
Religious Belief......Page 273
“The Will to Believe”......Page 274
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: Can a Scientist Pray?......Page 276
Personal Experience of the Divine......Page 278
Radical Theology......Page 281
Feminist Theology......Page 286
Eastern Religious Traditions......Page 289
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 295
Aquinas......Page 297
Descartes......Page 302
Anne Conway......Page 306
4.7 READINGS......Page 310
Richard Jefferies, “The Story of My Heart”......Page 311
William P. Alston, “Religious Experience as Perception of God”......Page 312
Michael Martin, “Critique of Religious Experience”......Page 314
CHAPTER 5: The Sources of Knowledge......Page 318
5.1 WHY IS KNOWLEDGE A PROBLEM?......Page 319
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: Kekulé’s Dream......Page 322
The Place of Memory......Page 323
5.2 IS REASON THE SOURCE OF OUR KNOWLEDGE?......Page 325
Descartes: Doubt and Reason......Page 327
Innate Ideas......Page 331
5.3 CAN THE SENSES ACCOUNT FOR ALL OUR KNOWLEDGE?......Page 336
Locke and Empiricism......Page 337
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: Science and the Attempt to Observe Reality......Page 339
Berkeley and Subjectivism......Page 342
Hume and Skepticism......Page 344
Hume’s Challenge......Page 350
The Basic Issue......Page 351
Space, Time, and Mathematics......Page 352
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: Knowledge and Gestalt Psychology......Page 353
Causality and the Unity of the Mind......Page 354
Romantic Philosophers......Page 358
Constructivist Theories and Recovered Memories......Page 359
Inductive Reasoning and Simplicity......Page 362
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: Society and Truth......Page 364
The Hypothetical Method and Falsifiability......Page 365
Paradigms and Revolutions in Science......Page 368
Distinguishing Science from Pseudoscience......Page 370
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 372
5.6 HISTORICAL SHOWCASE: HUME......Page 374
Ambrose Bierce, “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge”......Page 380
Peter Unger, “A Defense of Skepticism”......Page 385
Thomas Nagel, “How Do We Know Anything?”......Page 386
CHAPTER 6: Truth......Page 390
6.1 KNOWLEDGE, TRUTH, AND JUSTIFICATION......Page 391
Knowledge as Justified True Belief......Page 392
Justification......Page 394
6.2 WHAT IS TRUTH?......Page 399
Correspondence Theory......Page 401
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: Truth and Paradox......Page 408
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: Historical Facts......Page 411
Pragmatic Theory......Page 412
Does Truth Matter?......Page 416
Reconciling the Theories of Truth......Page 417
Deflating Truth......Page 418
6.3 DOES SCIENCE GIVE US TRUTH?......Page 420
The Instrumentalist View......Page 421
The Realist View......Page 423
The Conceptual Relativist View......Page 424
6.4 CAN INTERPRETATIONS BE TRUE?......Page 427
Symbolic Interpretation and Intention......Page 429
Wittgenstein and the Ideal Clear Language......Page 431
Gadamer and Prejudice......Page 433
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 435
6.5 HISTORICAL SHOWCASE: KANT......Page 436
The Problem of Synthetic A Priori Knowledge......Page 437
Space, Time, and Mathematics......Page 438
Our Unified Mind Must Organize Sensations into Changing Objects......Page 440
Causality Is in the World as We Experience It......Page 441
Two Versions of the Categorical Imperative of Morality......Page 443
The Moral Argument for God’s Existence......Page 444
6.6 READINGS......Page 445
Hugh Tomlinson, “After Truth: Post-Modernism and the Rhetoric of Science”......Page 446
Anne Seller, “Realism versus Relativism:Towards a Politically Adequate Epistemology”......Page 447
CHAPTER 7: Ethics......Page 452
7.1 WHAT IS ETHICS?......Page 453
7.2 IS ETHICS RELATIVE?......Page 456
7.3 DO CONSEQUENCES MAKE AN ACTION RIGHT?......Page 460
Egoism......Page 461
Utilitarianism......Page 464
Some Implications of Utilitarianism......Page 467
Divine Command Theory......Page 470
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: Embryonic Stem Cell Research......Page 472
Implications of Divine Command Ethics......Page 476
Kant’s Categorical Imperative......Page 478
Buddhist Ethics......Page 486
7.5 IS ETHICS BASED ON CHARACTER?......Page 491
Aristotle’s Theory of Virtue......Page 492
Love and Friendship......Page 496
Male and Female Ethics?......Page 499
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: Getting to Know You: The Corporate Probe......Page 502
Conclusions......Page 505
7.6 CAN ETHICS RESOLVE MORAL QUANDARIES?......Page 507
Abortion......Page 508
Euthanasia......Page 512
7.7 ETHICS AND MORAL RESPONSIBILITY......Page 516
Excusability and Moral Responsibility......Page 517
Causality and Moral Responsibility......Page 518
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 520
Nietzsche......Page 523
Wollstonecraft......Page 528
Ursula K. Le Guin, “The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas”......Page 532
Peter Singer, Famine, “Affluence, and Morality”......Page 535
Peter Singer, “All Animals Are Equal”......Page 537
CHAPTER 8: Social and Political Philosophy......Page 540
8.1 WHAT IS SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY?......Page 541
8.2 WHAT JUSTIFIES THE STATE?......Page 543
Hobbes and the War of All against All......Page 544
Locke and Natural Moral Laws......Page 546
Rousseau and the General Will......Page 548
Contemporary Social Contract: Rawls......Page 550
The Communitarian Critique......Page 552
Social Contract and Women......Page 556
8.3 WHAT IS JUSTICE?......Page 561
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: The Purpose of Business......Page 562
Justice as Merit......Page 564
Justice as Equality......Page 566
Justice as Social Utility......Page 569
Justice Based on Need and Ability......Page 571
Justice Based on Liberty......Page 572
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: Welfare......Page 574
8.4 LIMITS ON THE STATE......Page 577
Law and Morality......Page 578
Freedom......Page 583
Human Rights......Page 586
War and Terrorism......Page 589
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE: Society and the Bomb......Page 598
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 602
Marx......Page 604
Rawls......Page 610
Tobias Wolff, “Last Shot”......Page 615
John Hospers, “What Libertarianism Is”......Page 616
CHAPTER 9: Postscript: The Meaning of Life......Page 620
9.1 DOES LIFE HAVE MEANING?......Page 621
What Does the Question Mean?......Page 623
9.2 THE THEISTIC RESPONSE TO MEANING......Page 624
9.3 MEANING AND HUMAN PROGRESS......Page 626
9.4 THE NIHILIST REJECTION OF MEANING......Page 629
9.5 MEANING AS A SELF-CHOSEN COMMITMENT......Page 630
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 634
Glossary......Page 635
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 640
Index......Page 646