Philosophy : a historical survey with essential readings

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Contents Philosophy: A Historical Survey with Essential Readings
Preface
Part One: ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHY
	Chapter 1 Socrates's Predecessors
		What Is Permanent in Existence?
			Thales
			Anaximander
			Anaximenes
		The Mathematical Basis of All Things
			Pythagoras
		Attempts to Explain Change
			Heraclitus
			Parmenides
			Zeno
			Empedocles
			Anaxagoras
		The Atomists
			Atoms and the Void
			Theory of Knowledge and Ethics
	Chapter 2 The Sophists and Socrates
		The Sophists
			Protagoras
			Gorgias
			Thrasymachus
		Socrates
			Socrates's Life
			Socrates as a Philosopher
			Socrates's Theory of Knowledge: Intellectual Midwifery
			Socrates's Moral Thought
			Socrates's Trial and Death
	Chapter 3 Plato
		Plato's Life
		Theory of Knowledge
			The Cave
			The Divided Line
			Theory of the Forms
		Moral Philosophy
			The Concept of the Soul
			The Cause of Evil: Ignorance or Forgetfulness
			Recovering Lost Morality
			Virtue as Fulfillment of Function
		Political Philosophy
			The State as a Giant Person
			The Philosopher-King
			The Virtues in the State
			The Decline of the Ideal State
		View of the Cosmos
	Chapter 4 Aristotle
		Aristotle's Life
		Logic
			The Categories and the Starting Point of Reasoning
			The Syllogism
		Metaphysics
			The Problem of Metaphysics Defined
			Substance as the Primary Essence of Things
			Matter and Form
			The Process of Change: The Four Causes
			Potentiality and Actuality
			The Unmoved Mover
		The Place of Humans: Physics, Biology, and Psychology
			Physics
			Biology
			Psychology
		Ethics
			Types of "Ends"
			The Function of Human Beings
			Happiness as the End
			Virtue as the Golden Mean
			Deliberation and Choice
			Contemplation
		Politics
			Types of States
			Differences and Inequalities
			Good Government and Revolution
		Philosophy of Art 9
Part Two: HELLENISTIC AND MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
	Chapter 5 Classical Philosophy after Aristotle
		Epicureanism
			Physics and Ethics
			God and Death
			The Pleasure Principle
			Pleasure and Social Justice
		Stoicism
			Wisdom and Control versus Pleasure
			Stoic Theory of Knowledge
			Matter as the Basis of All Reality
			God in Everything
			Fate and Providence
			Human Nature
			Ethics and the Human Drama
			The Problem of Freedom
			Cosmopolitanism and Justice
		Skepticism
			The Search for Mental Peace
			Evident versus Nonevident Matters
		Plotinus
			Plotinus's Life
			God as the One
			The Metaphor of Emanation
			Salvation
	Chapter 6 Augustine
		Augustine's Life
		Human Knowledge
			Faith and Reason
			Overcoming Skepticism
			Knowledge and Sensation
			The Theory of Illumination
		God
		The Created World
			Creation from Nothing
			The Seminal Principles
		Moral Philosophy
			The Role of Love
			Free Will as the Cause of Evil
		Justice
		History and the Two Cities
	Chapter 7 Philosophy in the Early Middle Ages
		Boethius
			Boethius's Life
			The Consolation of Philosophy
			The Problem of Universals
		Pseudo-Dionysius
			Knowledge of God
		Erigena
			Erigena's Life
			The Division of Nature
		New Solutions to the Problem of Universals
			Odo and Guillaume: Exaggerated Realism
			Roscellinus: Nominalism
			Abelard: Conceptualism or Moderate Realism
		Anselm's Ontological Argument
			Anselm's Realism
			The Ontological Argument
			Gaunilon's Rebuttal
			Anselm's Reply to Gaunilon
		Faith and Reason in Muslim and Jewish Thought
			Avicenna
			Averroës
			Moses Maimonides
	Chapter 8 Aquinas and His Late Medieval Successors
		Aquinas's Life
			Bonaventura and the University of Paris
		Philosophy and Theology
			Faith and Reason
		Proofs of God's Existence
			Proofs from Motion, Efficient Cause, and Necessary Being
			Proofs from Perfection and Order
		Knowledge of God's Nature
			The Negative Way (Via Negativa)
			Knowledge by Analogy
		Creation
			Is the Created Order Eternal?
			Creation out of Nothing
			Is This the Best Possible World?
			Evil as Privation
			The Range of Created Being: The Chain of Being
		Morality and Natural Law
			Moral Constitution
			Natural Law
		The State
		Human Nature and Knowledge
			Human Nature
			Knowledge
		Scotus, Ockham, and Eckhart
			Voluntarism
			Nominalism
			Mysticism 1
Part Three: EARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHY
	Chapter 9 Philosophy during the Renaissance
		The Closing of the Middle Ages
		Humanism and the Italian Renaissance
			Pico
			Machiavelli
		The Reformation
			Luther
			Erasmus
		Skepticism and Faith
			Montaigne
			Pascal
		The Scientific Revolution
			New Discoveries and New Methods
			Modern Atomism
		Bacon
			Bacon's Life
			Distempers of Learning
			Idols of the Mind
			The Inductive Method
		Hobbes
			Hobbes's Life
			Influence of Geometry upon Hobbes's Thought
			Bodies in Motion: The Object of Thought
			Mechanical View of Human Thought
			Political Philosophy and Morality
			The State of Nature
			Obligation in the State of Nature
			The Social Contract
			Civil Law versus Natural Law
	Chapter 10 Rationalism on the Continent
		Descartes
			Descartes's Life
			The Quest for Certainty
			Descartes's Method
			Methodic Doubt
			The Existence of God and External Things
			Mind and Body
		Spinoza
			Spinoza's Life
			Spinoza's Method
			God: Substance and Attribute
			The World as Modes of God's Attributes
			Knowledge, Mind, and Body
			Ethics
		Leibniz
			Leibniz's Life
			Substance
			God's Existence
			Knowledge and Nature
	Chapter 11 Empiricism in Britain
		Locke
			Locke's Life
			Locke's Theory of Knowledge
			Moral and Political Theory
		Berkeley
			Berkeley's Life
			The Nature of Existence
			Matter and Substance
		Hume
			Hume's Life
			Hume's Theory of Knowledge
			What Exists External to Us?
			Ethics
	Chapter 12 Enlightenment Philosophy
		Deism and Atheism
			English Deism
			French Philosophes
		Rousseau
			Rousseau's Life
			The Paradox of Learning
			The Social Contract
		Reid
			Reid's Life
			Criticism of the Theory of Ideas
			Commonsense Beliefs and Direct Realism
Part Four: LATE MODERN AND NINETEENTH-CENTURY PHILOSOPHY
	Chapter 13 Kant
		Kant's Life
		The Shaping of Kant's Problem
		Kant's Critical Philosophy and His Copernican Revolution
			The Way of Critical Philosophy
			The Nature of a Priori Knowledge
			The Synthetic a Priori
			Kant's Copernican Revolution
		The Structure of Rational Thought
			The Categories of Thought and the Forms of Intuition
			The Self and the Unity of Experience
			Phenomenal and Noumenal Reality
			Transcendental Ideas of Pure Reason as Regulative Concepts
			The Antinomies and the Limits of Reason
			Proofs of God's Existence
		Practical Reason
			The Basis of Moral Knowledge
			Morality and Rationality
			"Good" Defined as the Good Will
			The Categorical Imperative
			The Moral Postulates
		Aesthetics: The Beautiful
			The Beautiful as Independent Pleasant Satisfaction
			The Beautiful as an Object of Universal Delight
			Finality versus Purpose in the Beautiful Object
			Necessity, Common Sense, and the Beautiful
	Chapter 14 German Idealism
		Kant's Impact on German Thought
		Hegel
			Hegel's Life
			Absolute Mind
			The Nature of Reality
			Ethics and Politics
			Absolute Spirit
		Schopenhauer
			Schopenhauer's Life
			The Principle of Sufficient Reason
			The World as Will and Idea
			The Ground of Pessimism
			Is There Any Escape from the "Will"?
	Chapter 15 Utilitarianism and Positivism
		Bentham
			Bentham's Life
			The Principle of Utility
			Law and Punishment
			Bentham's Radicalism
		John Stuart Mill
			Mill's Life
			Mill's Utilitarianism
			Liberty
		Comte
			Comte's Life and Times
			Positivism Defined
			The Law of the Three Stages
			Comte's Sociology and "Religion of Humanity"
	Chapter 16 Kierkegaard, Marx, and Nietzsche
		Kierkegaard
			Kierkegaard's Life
			Human Existence
			Truth as Subjectivity
			The Aesthetic Stage
			The Ethical Stage
			The Religious Stage
		Marx
			Marx's Life and Influences
			The Epochs of History: Marx's Dialectic
			The Substructure: The Material Order
			The Alienation of Labor
			The Superstructure: The Origin and Role of Ideas
		Nietzsche
			Nietzsche's Life
			"God Is Dead"
			The Apollonian versus Dionysian
			Master Morality versus Slave Morality
			The Will to Power
			Revaluation of All Morals
			The Super person
Part Five: TWENTIETH-CENTURY AND CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY
	Chapter 17 Pragmatism and Process Philosophy
		Pragmatism
		Peirce
			Peirce's Life
			A Theory of Meaning
			The Role of Belief
			The Elements of Method
		James
			James's Life
			Pragmatism as a Method
			The Pragmatic Theory of Truth
			Free Will
			The Will to Believe
		Dewey
			Dewey's Life
			The Spectator versus Experience
			Habit, Intelligence, and Learning
			Value in a World of Fact
		Process Philosophy
		Bergson
			Bergson's Life
			Going Around versus Entering Into
			The Scientific Way of Analysis
			The Metaphysical Way of Intuition
			The Process of Duration
			Evolution and the Vital Impulse
			Morality and Religion
		Whitehead
			Whitehead's Life
			The Error of Simple Location
			Self-Consciousness
			Prehension
			Eternal Objects
	Chapter 18 Analytic Philosophy
		Russell
			Russell's Mission
			Logical Atomism
			Problems with Logical Atomism
		Logical Positivism
			The Principle of Verification
			Carnap's Logical Analysis
			Problems with Logical Positivism
			Quine's Critique of Empiricism
		Wittgenstein
			Wittgenstein's Road to Philosophy
			The New Wittgenstein
			Language Games and Following Rules
			Clarifying Metaphysical Language
		Austin
			Austin's Unique Approach
			The Notion of "Excuses"
			The Benefits of Ordinary Language
	Chapter 19 Phenomenology and Existentialism
		Husserl
			Husserl's Life and Influence
			The Crisis of European Science
			Descartes and Intentionality
			Phenomena and Phenomenological Bracketing
			The Life-World
		Heidegger
			Heidegger's Life
			Dasein as Being-in-the-World
			Dasein as Concern
		Religious Existentialism
			Jaspers's Existence Philosophy
			Marcel's Existentialism
		Sartre
			Sartre's Life
			Existence Precedes Essence
			Freedom and Responsibility
			Nothingness and Bad Faith
			Human Consciousness
			Marxism and Freedom Revisited
		Merleau-Ponty
			Merleau-Ponty's Life
			The Primacy of Perception
			The Relativity of Knowledge
			Perception and Politics
	Chapter 20 Recent Philosophy
		The Mind-Body Problem
			Ryle's Ghost in the Machine
			Identity Theory and Functionalism
			Searle's Chinese Room Argument
		Rorty
			Rorty's Analytic Philosophy
			The Influence of Pragmatism
			The Contingency of Language
			The Contingency of Selfhood
			The Contingency of Community
		Virtue Theory Revisited
			Anscombe's Defense
			Noddings's Defense
			Virtue Epistemology
		Continental Philosophy
			Structuralism
			Post-Structuralism
			Postmodernism
		Political Philosophy
			Rawls: Justice as Fairness
			Nozick: Minimalist Government
Glossary of Key Concepts
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Index
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