Philosophie: Geschichte — Disziplinen — Kompetenzen

Front Cover......Page 1
Bone Repair Biomaterials......Page 2
Bone Repair Biomaterials......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
List of contributors......Page 12
 1.1 Introduction......Page 16
 1.2 Social and economic impact of bone repair......Page 17
  1.2.1 Orthopedics......Page 18
  1.2.2 Dentistry......Page 19
  1.2.3 Maxillofacial conditions......Page 20
  1.2.4 Spinal conditions......Page 21
 1.3 Some clinical challenges of bone repair......Page 22
 1.4 Role of biomaterials in bone repair......Page 23
 References......Page 25
  2.2.1 Macroscopic anatomy......Page 30
   2.2.1.2 Trabecular bone......Page 32
   2.2.2.2 Microscopic bone structure......Page 33
   2.2.2.3 Woven and lamellar bone......Page 35
   2.2.2.4 Organic and inorganic bone matrix......Page 36
   2.2.2.5 Cellular elements......Page 37
  2.3.1 Bone growth......Page 40
  2.3.3 Bone remodeling......Page 43
  2.4.1 Mathematical models for predicting skeletal adaptation to mechanical loading......Page 46
  2.4.2 Factors affecting skeletal adaptation to mechanical loading......Page 47
  2.4.3 Site specificity of the adaptive response of bone to mechanical loading......Page 48
  2.4.5 Bone response to overuse......Page 49
  2.4.6 Mechanisms for bone adaptation to mechanical loading......Page 51
 References......Page 55
  3.1.1 Composition......Page 68
  3.1.2 Bone structure......Page 69
  3.2.1 Cortical bone......Page 70
  3.2.2 Trabecular bone......Page 73
  3.2.3 Bone poroelasticity......Page 74
  3.3.1 Bone remodeling......Page 75
  3.3.2 Bone failure......Page 76
 References......Page 77
 Bibliography......Page 79
 4.1 Introduction......Page 80
 4.2 Mechanical properties......Page 81
  4.2.1 Tension and compression: the stress–strain curve......Page 84
   4.2.2.1 Flexural strength......Page 86
   4.2.2.2 Diametral compression......Page 87
   4.2.3.2 Shear and torsion......Page 88
   4.2.3.4 Fatigue......Page 89
   4.2.3.5 Viscoelastic properties......Page 90
 4.3 Architectural and microstructural properties......Page 91
  4.3.2 Grain structure......Page 92
  4.3.3 Porosity......Page 93
  4.3.4 Permeability......Page 95
   4.3.5.1 Molecular-level structural characteristics......Page 96
   4.3.5.3 Thermal transitions......Page 98
 4.4 Physiological effects......Page 99
  4.4.2 Ceramic dissolution......Page 100
  4.4.3 Polymer degradation......Page 101
  4.4.4 Wear......Page 102
   4.4.5.1 Surface chemistry......Page 103
   4.4.5.3 Surface charge......Page 104
  4.4.6 Biomineralization......Page 105
  4.5.2 Ceramics......Page 106
  4.5.3 Synthetic polymers......Page 107
  4.5.4 Natural polymers and hydrogels......Page 108
  4.5.5 Composites......Page 109
 4.6 Summary......Page 110
 References......Page 111
 5.1 Introduction......Page 118
  5.2.1 Austenitic stainless steels......Page 120
  5.2.2 Co-based alloys......Page 122
  5.2.3 Ti and Ti-base alloys......Page 123
  5.3.1 NiTi shape memory alloys......Page 126
  5.3.2 Zirconium alloys......Page 127
  5.3.4 Magnetic materials......Page 128
  5.4.1 Mechanical properties......Page 130
  5.4.2 Chemical properties......Page 134
   5.4.3.1 Surface charges......Page 136
 5.5 Trends in the development of metallic biomaterials......Page 137
  5.5.1 Materials with a lower Young’s modulus......Page 138
  5.5.2 Ni-free Fe-based alloys......Page 139
  5.5.3 Nanostructured alloys......Page 140
  5.5.4 Biodegradable metals......Page 141
  5.5.5 Bioactive materials......Page 142
  5.5.6 Metallic scaffolds......Page 143
  5.5.7 Additively manufactured metals......Page 146
 5.6 Conclusions......Page 147
 References......Page 148
 6.1 Overview of ceramics in biomedical engineering......Page 156
  6.1.1 Biological ceramics: biominerals......Page 160
 6.2 Almost bioinert ceramics: first-generation bioceramics......Page 161
  6.2.2 Zirconia, ZrO2......Page 163
  6.2.3 Carbons......Page 165
 6.3 Biodegradable and bioactive ceramics: second-generation bioceramics......Page 166
   6.3.1.1 Synthetic apatites......Page 168
   6.3.1.3 Bone cements based on calcium salts......Page 169
   6.3.2.1 Melt glasses......Page 170
   6.3.2.3 Bioactive glass coatings......Page 171
   6.3.2.4 Mixed materials containing bioactive sol–gel glasses......Page 172
  6.3.4 Mesoporous bioactive glasses......Page 173
 6.4 Ceramics in bone regeneration: third-generation ceramics......Page 179
  6.4.2 Organic–inorganic hybrid materials......Page 181
 References......Page 183
 7.2 Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene......Page 194
  7.2.1 Synthesis of UHMWPE and manufacture of the implant......Page 195
  7.2.3 Thermal properties and transitions......Page 196
  7.2.4 Mechanical properties of UHMWPE......Page 197
  7.2.6 New UHMWPEs: highly cross-linked UHMWPEs......Page 198
  7.2.7 Acrylic polymers as bone cement......Page 199
  7.2.8 Synthesis of bone cement based on PMMA......Page 200
  7.2.10 Mechanical properties of PMMA-based bone cements......Page 201
  7.2.11 PMMA-based antibiotic-loaded acrylic cements......Page 202
  7.3.1 Types of synthetic biodegradable polymers......Page 203
  7.3.3 Physical properties of PGA, PLA, and copolymers PLG......Page 205
  7.3.4 Degradation of polymers......Page 207
 References......Page 208
 8.1 Introduction and overview......Page 214
  8.2.1 Collagen......Page 216
  8.2.2 Gelatin......Page 219
  8.2.3 Silk......Page 220
  8.2.4 Alginate......Page 222
  8.2.6 Chitosan......Page 224
  8.2.7 Starch......Page 226
 8.3 Bone regenerative therapies with multifunctional biomaterials of natural polymers......Page 228
   8.3.1.1 Scaffolds......Page 229
   8.3.1.2 Hydrogel......Page 230
   8.3.2.1 Physicochemical strategies: cross-linking and bioinspired mineralization......Page 231
    Biomimetic mineralization of natural polymers......Page 232
   8.3.2.2 Biological strategies: delivery of growth factors and cell encapsulation......Page 235
 8.4 Outlook and future perspectives: natural templates fabricated by 3D bioprinting......Page 236
 References......Page 238
 9.2 Calcium phosphate versus acrylic bone cements: historical perspective and present applications......Page 248
  9.3.1 Chemical composition......Page 251
  9.3.2 Processing parameters and setting properties of acrylic bone cements......Page 252
  9.3.3 Mechanical properties......Page 255
   9.3.3.2 Fracture and fatigue behavior......Page 256
   9.3.4.1 Porosity......Page 257
   9.3.4.3 Additives......Page 258
  9.3.5 Biocompatibility......Page 259
  9.4.1 Chemistry of calcium phosphate bone cements......Page 260
   9.4.1.1 Apatite calcium phosphate bone cements......Page 261
   9.4.1.2 Brushite calcium phosphate bone cements......Page 262
   9.4.2.1 Processing parameters......Page 263
   9.4.2.2 Setting properties......Page 264
   9.4.3.1 Microstructure and porosity......Page 266
   9.4.4.1 In vitro cell response to CPCs......Page 268
   9.4.4.2 In vivo resorption and remodeling......Page 269
   9.4.5.1 Scaffolds for bone tissue engineering......Page 271
   9.4.5.2 Drug delivery......Page 273
 References......Page 274
 10.2 Basic concept of composite material......Page 288
  10.2.1 Mechanical tailoring......Page 289
 10.3 Composite biomaterials in bone repair......Page 291
  10.4.1 Fiber-reinforced nondegradable composites......Page 294
  10.4.2 Nanoparticulate nondegradable composites......Page 296
  10.5.1 Partially and totally degradable fiber-reinforced composites......Page 298
  10.5.2 Inorganic filler-reinforced composites with degradable matrix......Page 301
  10.5.3 Nanoparticulate degradable composites......Page 304
 10.6 Future challenges and opportunities......Page 305
 References......Page 306
 Further reading......Page 314
   11.1.1.1 Acquired conditions......Page 316
  11.2.1 Osteosynthesis......Page 317
  11.2.2 Joint replacement......Page 318
  11.3.1 Metals......Page 319
   11.3.2.1 Polymethylmethacrylate......Page 321
  11.3.3 Biodegradable polymers......Page 322
  11.3.4 Ceramics......Page 325
  11.3.5 Glasses......Page 327
  11.3.6 Carbon fibers and composites......Page 328
   11.4.1.1 Screws......Page 331
   11.4.1.2 Plates......Page 332
   11.4.1.3 Nails......Page 334
  11.4.2 Devices for joint replacement......Page 335
  11.4.3 Devices for bone replacement......Page 336
   11.4.3.1 Perspectives for artificial bone grafts: ­osteoclast-recruiting materials......Page 338
 References......Page 339
 12.1 Introduction......Page 344
 12.2 Glass-ceramics in prosthodontics......Page 345
  12.2.1 IPS e.max......Page 346
  12.2.2 IPS Empress......Page 348
 12.3 Bioactive rhenanite-type glass-ceramics......Page 349
 12.4 Conclusion......Page 352
 References......Page 353
 13.2 Brief review of spinal anatomy......Page 356
 13.3 Biomechanics of the spine......Page 357
  13.3.1 Biomechanical evaluation models......Page 358
   13.3.1.4 Computerized models......Page 359
  13.4.2 Degeneration of the spine and spinal deformities......Page 360
  13.4.3 Spinal tumors......Page 361
 13.5 Properties of biomaterials applied to spinal surgery......Page 362
  13.5.2 Osteoinductive materials......Page 363
  13.5.3 Osteogenic tissue......Page 364
  13.6.1 Spinal rigid stabilization and fusion......Page 365
  13.6.3 Arthroplasty of the spine......Page 368
   13.6.3.1 Fixation and osteointegration......Page 369
  13.6.4 Polymethyl-methacrylate......Page 370
 13.7 Future trends of biomaterials applied to spinal surgery......Page 371
 References......Page 372
 14.1 Introduction......Page 376
 14.2 Characteristics of bone repairing materials......Page 379
  14.3.1 Bone regeneration......Page 382
  14.3.2 Bone augmentation......Page 383
  14.4.1 Bone augmentation within the sinus cavity......Page 384
  14.4.2 Three-dimensional bone augmentation using a computer aided design (CAD)/computer aided manufacturing (CAM)–based techniqu.........Page 386
  14.4.3 Craniofacial bone reconstruction using a computer aided design (CAD)/computer aided manufacturing (CAM)–based technique......Page 387
 14.5 Conclusion......Page 390
 References......Page 391
 15.1 Introduction......Page 394
  15.2.1 In vitro techniques for measuring wear in hip devices......Page 396
  15.2.2 Measuring wear theoretically in hip devices......Page 398
  15.3.1 In vivo measurement techniques for assessing failure......Page 402
  15.3.2 Fatigue......Page 403
  15.3.3 Creep......Page 404
  15.3.4 Corrosion......Page 405
 15.4 Loosening......Page 406
  15.4.1 Aseptic loosening......Page 407
  15.4.2 Sepsis loosening......Page 411
  15.5.1 Physical modification......Page 413
  15.5.2 Chemical modification......Page 414
 15.6 Conclusion......Page 415
 References......Page 416
 16.1 Why nucleic acids for bone repair......Page 426
 16.2 The biological barriers to nucleic acid delivery systems in the bone environment......Page 427
   16.2.1.2 Mononuclear phagocyte system......Page 428
    Endocytosis......Page 429
    Direct translocation......Page 430
   16.2.2.1 Endosomal escape......Page 431
   16.2.2.2 Cytoplasm......Page 432
   16.2.3.1 Nonviral versus viral delivery methods......Page 433
    Biolistic delivery (the “gene gun”)......Page 434
    Inorganic nanoparticles......Page 435
    Cationic liposomes......Page 436
    Cationic polymers......Page 437
    Chitosan......Page 438
    Cell-penetrating peptides......Page 439
  16.3.1 Biogenesis of microRNA......Page 445
  16.3.2 Prominent microRNAs involved in osteogenesis......Page 446
  16.3.3 Bone repair and miRNAs......Page 448
 16.4 Final conclusions......Page 449
 References......Page 450
 Further reading......Page 461
 17.1 Introduction......Page 462
 17.2 Need for retrieval of clinical implants......Page 464
 17.3 Collection and transport of retrieved biological material......Page 465
  17.4.1 Analyzing peri-implant microbiology: pathogen isolation, identification, and characterization......Page 466
   17.4.2.1 Sample preparation......Page 468
   17.4.2.2 Imaging and chemical analysis......Page 469
  17.5.2 Bone-anchored hearing system......Page 470
  17.5.3 Bone-anchored amputation prosthesis......Page 473
 17.7 Future perspectives......Page 475
 17.9 Bibliography......Page 476
 References......Page 477
 18.1 Introduction......Page 482
 18.2 Controversy and consensus......Page 484
  18.3.1 Commercialization......Page 485
  18.4.2 Informed consent......Page 486
  18.4.4 Use of cells......Page 487
  18.5.2 The role of surgery......Page 488
 References......Page 489
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 H......Page 498
 M......Page 499
 O......Page 501
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 T......Page 504
 Z......Page 505
Back Cover......Page 506