Pharmacology: Connections to Nursing Practice

Cover
Inside Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Preface
Contents
Unit 1 Fundamental Principles of Pharmacology
	1 Introduction to Pharmacology: Concepts and Connections
		Brief History of Pharmacology
		Pharmacology: The Study of Medicines
		Characteristics of an Ideal Drug
		Classification of Drugs
		Prototype Drugs
		Naming Drugs
		Connecting Pharmacology to Clinical Nursing Practice
	2 Drug Regulations
		Patent Medicines
		Brief History of Drug Legislation
		Drug Standards
		The U.S. Food and Drug Administration
		Drug Approval
		Changes to the Drug Approval Process
		Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drugs
		Drug Schedules
		Prescriptive Authority for Nurses
	3 Pharmacokinetics
		Introduction to Pharmacokinetics
		Primary Processes of Pharmacokinetics
			Route of Administration
			Drug Concentration and Dose
			GI Tract Environment
			Blood Flow to the Absorption Site
			Drug Ionization
			Drug Interactions
			Surface Area
		Time–Response Relationships
	4 Pharmacodynamics
		Interpatient Variability
		Therapeutic Index
		Dose–Response Relationship
		Potency and Efficacy
		Receptor Theory
		Agonists and Antagonists
		Pharmacogenetics
	5 Adverse Drug Effects and Drug Interactions
		Adverse Drug Effects
		Drug Interactions
	6 Medication Errors and Risk Reduction
		Medication Errors and Their Impact on Healthcare
		Factors Contributing to Medication Errors
		Drug Names and Medication Errors
		Reporting Medication Errors
		Strategies for Reducing Medication Errors
	7 The Role of Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Pharmacotherapy
		Types of Complementary and Alternative Therapies
		History of Herbal Therapies
		Standardization of Herbal Products
		Dietary Supplement Regulation
		Herb–Drug Interactions
		Specialty Supplements
Unit 2 Pharmacology and the Nurse–Patient Relationship
	8 Pharmacotherapy During Pregnancy and Lactation
		Rationale for Drug Use During Pregnancy and Lactation
		Pharmacotherapy During Pregnancy
		Pharmacotherapy During Lactation
	9 Pharmacotherapy of the Pediatric Patient
		Testing and Labeling of Pediatric Drugs
		Pharmacokinetic Variables in Pediatric Patients
		Pharmacologic Implications Associated with Growth and Development
		Medication Safety for Pediatric Patients
		Determining Pediatric Drug Dosages
		Adverse Drug Reactions in Children and Promoting Adherence
	10 Pharmacotherapy of the Geriatric Patient
		Polypharmacy
		Physiologic Changes Related to Aging
		Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Changes in Older Adults
		Adherence and Drug Misuse Among Older Adults
		Adverse Drug Reactions in Older Adults
	11 Individual Variations in Drug Responses
		Psychosocial Influences
		Cultural and Ethnic Variables
		Genetic Influences
		Gender Influences
Unit 3 Pharmacology of the Autonomic Nervous System
	12 Review of Neurotransmitters and the Autonomic Nervous System
		Overview of the Nervous System
		Structure and Function of the Autonomic Nervous System
		Synaptic Transmission
		Cholinergic Transmission
			Cholinergic Receptors and Neurotransmitters
			Termination of Acetylcholine Action
		Adrenergic Transmission
			Alpha-Adrenergic Receptors
			Beta-Adrenergic Receptors
			Termination of Norepinephrine Action
		Regulation of Autonomic Functions
		Classifying Autonomic Drugs
	13 Cholinergic Agonists
		Cholinergic Receptors
		Muscarinic Agonists
			PROTOTYPE DRUGS: Bethanechol (Urecholine)
		Cholinergic Crisis
		Pharmacotherapy of Myasthenia Gravis
			PROTOTYPE DRUGS: Pyridostigmine (Mestinon, Regonol)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Cholinergic Agonists
		Nicotinic Agonists
	14 Cholinergic Antagonists
		Classification of Cholinergic Antagonists
		Muscarinic Antagonists
			PROTOTYPE DRUGS: Atropine (Atropen)
		Nicotinic Antagonists: Ganglionic Blockers
		Nicotinic Antagonists: Neuromuscular Blockers
			PROTOTYPE DRUGS: Succinylcholine (Anectine, Quelicin)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Cholinergic (Muscarinic) Antagonists
	15 Adrenergic Agonists
		Actions of Adrenergic Agonists
		Mechanisms of Action of Adrenergic Agonists
		Classification of Adrenergic Agonists
		Nonselective Adrenergic Agonists
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Epinephrine (Adrenalin)
		Alpha-Adrenergic Agonists
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)
		Beta-Adrenergic Agonists
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Isoproterenol (Isuprel)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Adrenergic Agonists
	16 Adrenergic Antagonists
		Actions of Adrenergic Antagonists
		Alpha-Adrenergic Antagonists
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Prazosin (Minipress)
		Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Propranolol (Inderal, InnoPran XL)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Adrenergic Antagonists
Unit 4 Pharmacology of the Central Nervous System
	17 Review of the Central Nervous System
		Scope of Central Nervous System Pharmacology
		Neurons and Neurotransmission
		Structural Divisions of the Central Nervous System
		Functional Systems of the Central Nervous System
	18 Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety and Sleep Disorders
		Anxiety Disorders
		Sleep Disorders
		Management of Anxiety and Sleep Disorders
		Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety and Insomnia
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Lorazepam (Ativan)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Zolpidem (Ambien, Edluar, Others)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Phenobarbital (Luminal)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Anxiety or Sleep Disorders
	19 Pharmacotherapy of Mood Disorders
		Categories of Mood Disorders
		Major Depressive Disorder
		Pathophysiology of Depression
		Assessment of Depression
		Nonpharmacologic Therapies for Depression
		Pharmacotherapy of Depression
			Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Fluoxetine (Prozac)
		Atypical Antidepressants
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Venlafaxine (Effexor)
		Tricyclic Antidepressants
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Imipramine (Tofranil)
		Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Phenelzine (Nardil)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Antidepressants
		Bipolar Disorder
		Drugs for Bipolar Disorder
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Lithium Carbonate (Eskalith, Lithobid)
	20 Pharmacotherapy of Psychoses
		Characteristics of Psychoses
		Symptoms of Schizophrenia
		Etiology of Schizophrenia
		Management of Psychoses
		Antipsychotic Drugs
			First-Generation Antipsychotics
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Chlorpromazine
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Haloperidol (Haldol)
			Second-Generation (Atypical) Antipsychotics
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Risperidone (Risperdal)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Aripiprazole (Abilify)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Antipsychotics
	21 Pharmacotherapy of Degenerative Diseases of the Central Nervous System
		Degenerative Diseases of the Central Nervous System
		Parkinson’s Disease
		Pharmacotherapy of Parkinson’s Disease
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Levodopa and Carbidopa (Sinemet, Parcopa)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Pramipexole (Mirapex)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Benztropine (Cogentin)
		Alzheimer’s Disease
		Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer’s Disease
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Donepezil (Aricept)
		Multiple Sclerosis
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Interferon Beta-1b (Betaseron, Extavia)
		Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Neurodegenerative Disorders
	22 Pharmacotherapy of Seizures
		Characteristics of Seizure Disorders
		Classification of Seizure Disorders
			Generalized Seizures
			Partial Seizures
		Antiepileptic Drugs
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Diazepam (Valium)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Phenytoin (Dilantin, Phenytek)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Carbamazepine (Carbatrol, Tegretol, Others)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ethosuximide (Zarontin)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Gabapentin (Neurontin)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Valproic Acid (Depacon, Depakene, Depakote)
		Other Miscellaneous Drugs
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Seizures
	23 Pharmacotherapy of Muscle Spasms and Spasticity
		Etiology and Pathophysiology of Muscle Spasms and Spasticity
		Nonpharmacologic Therapies for Muscle Spasms and Spasticity
		Pharmacotherapy of Muscle Spasms
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Cyclobenzaprine (Amrix)
		Pharmacotherapy of Muscle Spasticity
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Dantrolene (Dantrium, Revonto)
		Skeletal Muscle Relaxants as Surgical Adjuncts
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Muscle Spasms and Spasticity
	24 Central Nervous System Stimulants and Drugs for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
		Characteristics of Central Nervous System Stimulants
		Etiology and Pathophysiology of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
		Pharmacotherapy of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Amphetamine and Dextroamphetamine (Adderall, Adderall XR)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Atomoxetine (Strattera)
		Pharmacotherapy of Narcolepsy
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Modafinil (Provigil)
		Methylxanthines
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Caffeine
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Central Nervous System Stimulants
	25 Pharmacotherapy of Severe Pain and Migraines
		General Principles of Pain Management
		Pain Management with Opioids
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Morphine Sulfate (Astramorph PF, Duramorph RF, Roxanol, Others)
		Pain Management with Nonopioids
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Tramadol (Ultram, Others)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Pain
		Pharmacotherapy with Opioid Antagonists
		Pharmacotherapy of Migraines
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Sumatriptan (Imitrex, Onzetra)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Migraines
	26 Anesthetics and Anesthesia Adjuncts
		Types of Anesthesia
		Principles of General Anesthesia
		Intravenous Anesthetics
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Fentanyl (Sublimaze)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Midazolam (Versed)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Propofol (Diprivan)
		Inhalation Anesthetics
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Nitrous Oxide
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Isoflurane (Forane)
		Local Anesthetics
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving General Anesthesia
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Procaine (Novocaine)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Lidocaine (Anestacon, Xylocaine, Zingo, Others)
		Adjuncts to Anesthesia
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Local Anesthesia
	27 Pharmacology of Substance Abuse
		Fundamental Concepts of Substance Abuse
			Legislation of Controlled Substances
			Addiction and Dependence
			Tolerance
		Central Nervous System Depressants
			Sedatives and Antianxiety Drugs
			Opioids
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Buprenorphine with Naloxone (Suboxone, Zubsolv, Others)
			Alcohol (Ethanol)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Disulfiram (Antabuse)
		Marijuana and Related Substances
		Hallucinogens
			LSD and Similar Hallucinogens
			Club Drugs and Miscellaneous Hallucinogens
		Central Nervous System Stimulants
			Amphetamines and Methylphenidate
			Cocaine
			Caffeine
		Nicotine
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Varenicline (Chantix)
		Inhalants
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Substance Abuse Disorders
		Anabolic Steroids
Unit 5 Pharmacology of the Cardiovascular System
	28 Review of the Cardiovascular System
		Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular System
		Functions and Properties of Blood
		Cardiac Structure and Function
		Hemodynamics and Blood Pressure
	29 Pharmacotherapy of Hyperlipidemia
		Types of Lipids and Lipoproteins
		Measurement and Control of Serum Lipids
		Drugs for Dyslipidemias
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Cholestyramine (Questran)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Gemfibrozil (Lopid)
			Miscellaneous Drugs for Dyslipidemias
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Hyperlipidemia
	30 Pharmacotherapy with Calcium Channel Blockers
		Physiologic Role of Calcium Channels in Muscle Contraction
		Types of Calcium Channels
		Consequences of Calcium Channel Blockade
		Classification of Calcium Channel Blockers
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Nifedipine (Adalat CC, Procardia XL)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Verapamil (Calan, Isoptin, Verelan)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Calcium Channel Blockers
	31 Drugs Affecting the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
		Components of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
		Physiologic Actions of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
		Drugs Affecting the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Losartan (Cozaar)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
	32 Diuretic Therapy and the Pharmacotherapy of Chronic Kidney Disease
		Review of Renal Physiology
		Pharmacotherapy for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
		Diuretic Therapy
		Loop (High-Ceiling) Diuretics
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Furosemide (Lasix)
			Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide)
			Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Spironolactone (Aldactone)
			Osmotic Diuretics
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Mannitol (Osmitrol)
			Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Acetazolamide (Diamox)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Diuretics
	33 Pharmacotherapy of Fluid Imbalance, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Disorders
		Principles of Fluid Balance
		Fluid Replacement Agents
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Normal Serum Albumin (Albuminar, Plasbumin, Others)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: 5% Dextrose in Water (D5		W)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Dextran 40 (Gentran 40, Others)
		Physiology of Electrolytes
		Pharmacotherapy of Electrolyte Imbalances
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Potassium Chloride (KCl)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4		)
		Pharmacotherapy of Acid–Base Imbalances
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Sodium Bicarbonate
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ammonium Chloride
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances
	34 Pharmacotherapy of Hypertension
		Etiology and Pathogenesis of Hypertension
		Nonpharmacologic Management of Hypertension
		Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension
		Pharmacotherapy of Hypertension
			Drugs for Initial Hypertension Therapy
			Adding Drugs to the Antihypertensive Regimen
			Enhancing Patient Adherence
			Antihypertensives in African Americans
		Drug Classes for Hypertension
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Hydralazine
		Management of Hypertensive Emergency
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Nitroprusside Sodium (Nitropress)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Direct Vasodilators
	35 Pharmacotherapy of Angina Pectoris and Myocardial Infarction
		Pathophysiology of Myocardial Ischemia
			Myocardial Oxygen Supply
			Myocardial Oxygen Demand
		Etiology of Coronary Artery Disease
		Pathophysiology of Angina Pectoris
		Nonpharmacologic Therapy of Coronary Artery Disease
		Pharmacologic Management of Angina Pectoris
		Drug Classes for Angina Pectoris
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Nitroglycerin (Nitrostat, Nitro-Bid, Nitro-Dur, Others)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Atenolol (Tenormin)
		Pathophysiology of Myocardial Infarction
		Pharmacologic Management of Myocardial Infarction
			Aspirin
			Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Drugs
			Nitrates
			Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists
			Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
			Pain Management
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Organic Nitrates for Angina and Myocardial Infarction
	36 Pharmacotherapy of Heart Failure
		Etiology of Heart Failure
		Pathophysiology of Heart Failure
			Ventricular Hypertrophy
			Activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System
			Increased Plasma Volume and Preload
			Natriuretic Peptides and Neurohumoral Factors
		Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure
		Drugs for Heart Failure
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Digoxin (Lanoxin, Lanoxicaps)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Milrinone (Primacor)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Heart Failure
	37 Pharmacotherapy of Dysrhythmias
		Etiology of Dysrhythmias
		Phases and Measurement of the Cardiac Action Potential
		Classification of Dysrhythmias
		General Principles of Dysrhythmia Management
		Drugs for Dysrhythmias
			Sodium Channel Blockers: Class I
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Procainamide
			Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists: Class II
			Potassium Channel Blockers: Class III
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Amiodarone (Pacerone)
			Calcium Channel Blockers: Class IV
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Dysrhythmias
			Miscellaneous Antidysrhythmics
	38 Pharmacotherapy of Coagulation Disorders
		Disorders of Hemostasis
		Overview of Coagulation Modifiers
		Anticoagulants
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Heparin
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Warfarin (Coumadin)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Dabigatran (Pradaxa)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Anticoagulants
			Antiplatelet Drugs
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Clopidogrel (Plavix)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Abciximab (ReoPro)
		Drugs for Intermittent Claudication
		Thrombolytics
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Alteplase (Activase)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Thrombolytics
			Hemostatics
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Aminocaproic Acid (Amicar)
			Drugs for Hemophilia
	39 Pharmacotherapy of Hematopoietic Disorders
		Physiology of Hematopoiesis
		Hematopoietic Growth Factors
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Epoetin Alfa (Epogen, Procrit)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Erythropoietin
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Filgrastim (Granix, Neupogen, Zarxio)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Colony-Stimulating Factors
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Oprelvekin (Neumega)
		Classification of Anemias
		Antianemic Drugs
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ferrous Sulfate (Feosol, Feostat, Others)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Cyanocobalamin (Nascobal)
Unit 6 Pharmacology of Body Defenses
	40 Review of Body Defenses and the Immune System
		Organization of the Lymphatic System
		Innate (Nonspecific) Body Defenses
			Inflammation
		Specific (Adaptive) Body Defenses
			Humoral Immune Response
			Cell-Mediated Immune Response
	41 Pharmacotherapy of Inflammation and Fever
		Pathophysiology of Inflammation and Fever
		Pharmacotherapy of Inflammation
		Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
		Salicylates
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)
			Ibuprofen-Like Drugs
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, Others)
			Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Celecoxib (Celebrex)
		Antipyretic and Analgesic Drugs
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Inflammation and Fever
	42 Immunostimulants and Immunosuppressants
		Immunostimulants
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Interferon Alfa-2b (Intron A)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Aldesleukin (Proleukin)
		Immunosuppressants
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Cyclosporine (Gengraf, Neoral, Sandimmune)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Azathioprine (Azasan, Imuran)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Basiliximab (Simulect)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Immunomodulators
	43 Immunizing Agents
		Discovery of Vaccines
		Vaccines and the Immune System
		Types of Vaccines
		General Principles of Vaccine Administration
		Active Immunity: Bacterial Immunizations
			Diphtheria
			Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
			Tetanus
			Pneumococcus
			Meningococcus
		Active Immunity: Viral Immunizations
			Hepatitis B
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Hepatitis B Vaccine (Engerix-B, Recombivax HB)
			Hepatitis A
			Influenza
			Rabies
			Measles, Mumps, and Rubella
			Polio
			Varicella Zoster
			Human Papillomavirus
			Rotavirus
		Passive Immunity
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Rho(D) Immune Globulin (RhoGAM)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Immunizations
Unit 7 Pharmacology of the Respiratory System and Allergy
	44 Pharmacotherapy of Asthma and Other Pulmonary Disorders
		Physiology of the Lower Respiratory Tract
		Pathophysiology of Asthma
		Administration of Pulmonary Drugs via Inhalation
		Principles of Asthma Pharmacotherapy
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Albuterol (Proventil HFA, Ventolin HFA, VoSpire ER)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ipratropium (Atrovent)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Beclomethasone (Beconase AQ, Qvar)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Cromolyn
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Montelukast (Singulair)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Theophylline
		Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Asthma and COPD
	45 Pharmacotherapy of Allergic Rhinitis and the Common Cold
		Physiology of the Upper Respiratory Tract
		Pathophysiology of Allergic Rhinitis
		Pharmacotherapy of Allergic Rhinitis
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Fexofenadine (Allegra)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Fluticasone (Flonase, Veramyst)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Antihistamines
		Decongestants
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)
		Drugs for the Common Cold
		Antitussives
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Dextromethorphan (Delsym, Robitussin DM, Others)
		Expectorants and Mucolytics
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Symptomatic Cough and Cold Relief
Unit 8 Pharmacology of Infectious and Neoplastic Diseases
	46 Basic Principles of Anti-Infective Pharmacotherapy
		Pathogenicity and Virulence
		Describing and Classifying Bacteria
		Classification of Anti-Infectives
		Mechanisms of Action of Anti-Infectives
			Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
			Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
			Disruption of the Plasma Cell Membrane
			Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
			Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways (Antimetabolites)
			Other Mechanisms of Action
		Acquired Resistance
			Mechanisms of Resistance
			Promotion of Resistance
			Prevention of Resistant Strains
		Indications and Selection of Specific Anti-Infectives
		Host Factors Affecting Anti-Infective Selection
			Host Defenses
			Local Tissue Conditions
			Allergy History
			Other Host Factors
		Superinfections
	47 Antibiotics Affecting the Bacterial Cell Wall
		Structure of Bacterial Cell Walls
		Penicillins
			Natural Penicillins
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Penicillin G
			Broad-Spectrum Penicillins (Aminopenicillins)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ampicillin
			Extended-Spectrum (Antipseudomonal) Penicillins
			Penicillinase-Resistant (Antistaphylococcal) Penicillins
		Cephalosporins
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Cefazolin (Ancef, Kefzol)
		Carbapenems
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Imipenem-Cilastatin (Primaxin)
		Miscellaneous Cell Wall Inhibitors
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Vancomycin (Vancocin)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with a Penicillin, Cephalosporin, or Vancomycin Antibiotic
	48 Antibiotics Affecting Bacterial Protein Synthesis
		Mechanisms of Antibiotic Inhibition of Bacterial Protein Synthesis
		Tetracyclines
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Tetracycline (Sumycin, Others)
		Macrolides
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Erythromycin (EryC, Erythrocin, Others)
			Aminoglycosides
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Gentamicin (Garamycin, Others)
		Miscellaneous Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with a Tetracycline, Macrolide, or Aminoglycoside Antibiotic
	49 Fluoroquinolones and Miscellaneous Antibacterials
		Bacterial DNA Replication
		Inhibition of DNA Replication
		Fluoroquinolones
			Adverse Effects
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
		Miscellaneous Antibacterials
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Fluoroquinolones
	50 Sulfonamides and the Pharmacotherapy of Urinary Tract Infections
		Pathophysiology of Urinary Tract Infections
		Pharmacotherapy of Urinary Tract Infections
			Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis
			Complicated Urinary Tract Infection
			Infants and Children
			Pregnancy
			Older Adults
			Patients with Recurring Urinary Tract Infections
		Sulfonamides
			Adverse Effects
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra)
		Urinary Antiseptics
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Nitrofurantoin (Furadantin) and Nitrofurantoin Macrocrystals (Macrobid, Macrodantin)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Urinary Tract Infection
	51 Pharmacotherapy of Mycobacterial Infections
		Types of Mycobacterial Infections
		Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Tuberculosis
		Pharmacotherapy of Tuberculosis
			Standard Regimen
			Patients Who Are HIV Positive
			Pregnant Patients
			Chemoprophylaxis Patients
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Isoniazid (INH)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Tuberculosis
		Drugs for Leprosy
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Dapsone (DDS)
		Drugs for Mycobacterium avium Complex Infections
	52 Pharmacotherapy of Fungal Infections
		Characteristics of Fungi and Fungal Infections
		Drugs for Systemic Fungal Infections
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Amphotericin B Deoxycholate (Fungizone)
		Drugs for Both Systemic and Superficial Fungal Infections
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Fluconazole (Diflucan)
		Drugs for Superficial Fungal Infections
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Nystatin (Nystop)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Antifungals
	53 Pharmacotherapy of Protozoan and Helminthic Infections
		Classification and Pathogenesis of Protozoan Infections
		Drugs for Malaria
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Chloroquine (Aralen)
		Drugs for Nonmalarial Protozoan Infections
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Metronidazole (Flagyl)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Pyrimethamine (Daraprim)
		Classification and Pathogenesis of Helminthic Infections
		Drugs for Helminthic Infections
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Mebendazole (Vermox)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Protozoan and Helminthic Infections
	54 Pharmacotherapy of Non-HIV Viral Infections
		Characteristics of Viruses
		Pharmacotherapy of Non-HIV Viral Infections
		Drugs for Herpesviruses
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Acyclovir (Zovirax)
		Drugs for Influenza Viruses
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Amantadine (Symmetrel)
		Drugs for Hepatitis Viruses
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Tenofovir (Vemlidy, Viread)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Antivirals for Non-HIV Viral Infections
	55 Pharmacotherapy of HIV Infection and AIDS
		Pathogenesis of HIV Infection
		General Principles of HIV Pharmacotherapy
		Classification of Antiretroviral Drugs
		Antiretroviral Drugs
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Zidovudine (AZT, Retrovir)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Efavirenz (Sustiva)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Lopinavir with Ritonavir (Kaletra)
		Prophylaxis of HIV Infections
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Antiretrovirals
		Pharmacotherapy of Opportunistic Infections Associated with HIV and AIDS
	56 Basic Principles of Antineoplastic Therapy
		Characteristics of Cancer
		Etiology of Cancer
		Detection and Prevention of Cancer
		Goals of Chemotherapy
		Staging and Grading of Cancer
		The Cell Cycle and Growth Fraction
		Cell Kill Hypothesis
		Improving the Success of Chemotherapy
			Combination Chemotherapy
			Dosing Schedules
			Route of Administration
		Toxicity of Antineoplastic Drugs
			Hematologic System
			Gastrointestinal Tract
			Cardiopulmonary System
			Urinary System
			Reproductive System
			Nervous System
			Skin and Soft Tissue
			Other Effects
	57 Pharmacotherapy of Neoplasia
		Classification of Antineoplastic Drugs
		Antineoplastic Medications
			Alkylating Agents
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
			Antimetabolites
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Methotrexate (MTX, Rheumatrex, Trexall)
			Antitumor Antibiotics
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)
			Hormones and Hormone Antagonists
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Tamoxifen
			Natural Products
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Vincristine (Marqibo, Oncovin)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Cancer Chemotherapy
			Biologic Response Modifiers and Targeted Therapies
			Miscellaneous Antineoplastics
		Drugs for Reducing Adverse Effects
		Preparing and Administering Antineoplastics
Unit 9 Pharmacology of the Gastrointestinal System
	58 Review of the Gastrointestinal System
		Overview of the Digestive System
		Physiology of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
		Physiology of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
		Physiology of the Accessory Organs of Digestion
		Regulation of Digestive Processes
		Nutrient Categories and Metabolism
	59 Pharmacotherapy of Peptic Ulcer Disease
		Physiology of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
		Etiology and Pathogenesis of Peptic Ulcer Disease
		Etiology and Pathogenesis of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
		Pharmacotherapy of Peptic Ulcer Disease and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
			Pharmacotherapy with Proton Pump Inhibitors
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Omeprazole (Prilosec)
			Pharmacotherapy with H2-Receptor Antagonists
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ranitidine (Zantac)
			Pharmacotherapy with Antacids
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Aluminum Hydroxide (AlternaGEL, Others)
			Pharmacotherapy of Helicobacter pylori Infection
			Miscellaneous Drugs Used for Peptic Ulcer Disease and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Peptic Ulcer Disease
	60 Pharmacotherapy of Bowel Disorders and Other Gastrointestinal Conditions
		Pathophysiology of Constipation
		Pharmacotherapy with Laxatives
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Psyllium Mucilloid (Metamucil, Naturacil, Others)
		Pathophysiology of Diarrhea
		Pharmacotherapy of Diarrhea
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Diphenoxylate with Atropine (Lomotil)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Laxatives or Antidiarrheals
		Pharmacotherapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine)
		Pharmacotherapy of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
		Pathophysiology of Nausea and Vomiting
		Pharmacotherapy of Nausea and Vomiting
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ondansetron (Zofran, Zuplenz)
		Pharmacotherapy of Pancreatitis
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Antiemetics
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Pancrelipase (Creon, Pancreaze, Zenpep)
	61 Vitamins and Minerals
		Role of Vitamins in Health and Disease
		Regulation of Vitamins
		Recommended Dietary Allowance
		Fat-Soluble Vitamins
			Vitamin A (Aquasol A)
			Vitamin D (Calcijex, Rocaltrol)
			Vitamin E (Aquasol E, Vita-Plus E, Others)
			Vitamin K (AquaMEPHYTON)
		Water-Soluble Vitamins
			Thiamine: Vitamin B1
			Riboflavin: Vitamin B2
			Niacin: Vitamin B3
			Pyridoxine: Vitamin B6
			Folic Acid (Folate): Vitamin B9
			Cyanocobalamin: Vitamin B12
			Vitamin C: Ascorbic Acid
		Minerals
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Vitamin or Mineral Supplements
	62 Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition
		Enteral Nutrition
			Enteral Formulations
			Elements of Enteral Nutrition
			Complications of Enteral Therapy
			Drug and Food Interactions
		Parenteral Nutrition
			Components of Total Parenteral Nutrition Solutions
			Complications of Parenteral Therapy
			Drug and Food Interactions
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition
	63 Weight Reduction Strategies and the Pharmacotherapy of Obesity
		Etiology of Obesity
		Pathogenesis of Obesity
		Measurement of Obesity
		Nonpharmacologic Therapies for Obesity
		Pharmacotherapy of Obesity
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Orlistat (Alli, Xenical)
		Adjuncts to Obesity Therapy
Unit 10 Pharmacology of the Endocrine System
	64 Review of the Endocrine System
		Overview of the Endocrine System
		Hormone Receptors
		Negative Feedback Mechanisms
		Hormone Pharmacotherapy
	65 Hypothalamic and Pituitary Drugs
		Functions of the Hypothalamus
		Functions of the Pituitary Gland
		Pharmacotherapy of Growth Hormone Disorders
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Somatropin (Genotropin, Humatrope, Norditropin, Nutropin, Saizen, Serostim, Zorbtive)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Octreotide (Sandostatin)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Growth Hormone
		Pharmacotherapy of Antidiuretic Hormone Disorders
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Desmopressin (DDAVP, Noctiva, Stimate)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Antidiuretic Hormone
	66 Pharmacotherapy of Diabetes Mellitus
		Physiology of Serum Glucose Control
		Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus: Types of Diabetes
		Symptoms and Diagnosis of Diabetes
		Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Glucagon (GlucaGen)
		Insulin Therapy
			Insulin Adjunct
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Human Regular Insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R)
		Antidiabetic Drugs for Type 2 Diabetes
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Insulin
			Sulfonylureas
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase)
			Biguanides
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Metformin (Glucophage, Glumetza, Others)
			Meglitinides
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Repaglinide (Prandin)
			Thiazolidinediones
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Rosiglitazone (Avandia)
			Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Acarbose (Precose)
			Incretin Therapies
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Sitagliptin (Januvia)
		Miscellaneous Antidiabetic Drugs
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Type 2 Diabetes
	67 Pharmacotherapy of Thyroid Disorders
		Physiology of the Thyroid Gland
		Diagnosis of Thyroid Disorders
		Pathophysiology of Hypothyroid Disorders
		Pharmacotherapy of Hypothyroid Disorders
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Levothyroxine (Levothroid, Levoxyl, Synthroid, Unithroid)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Thyroid Hormone Replacements
		Pathophysiology of Hyperthyroid Disorders
		Pharmacotherapy of Hyperthyroid Disorders
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Propylthiouracil (PTU)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Antithyroid Drugs
	68 Corticosteroids and Drugs Affecting the Adrenal Cortex
		Physiology of the Adrenal Gland
		Overview of Corticosteroid Pharmacotherapy
		Adverse Effects of Corticosteroids
		Replacement Therapy with Corticosteroids
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Hydrocortisone (Cortef, Solu-Cortef, Others)
		Corticosteroids for Nonendocrine Conditions
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Systemic Corticosteroids
		Mineralocorticoids
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Fludrocortisone
		Antiadrenal Drugs
	69 Estrogens, Progestins, and Drugs Modifying Uterine Function
		Hormonal Regulation of Female Reproductive Function
		Estrogens
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Conjugated Estrogens (Cenestin, Enjuvia, Premarin)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Estrogen
		Progestins
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera, Depo-SubQ-Provera, Provera)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Progestin
		Hormone Replacement Therapy
		Uterine Stimulants: Oxytocics
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Oxytocin (Pitocin)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Oxytocin (Pitocin)
		Uterine Relaxants: Tocolytics
		Pharmacotherapy of Female Infertility and Female Sexual Desire Disorder
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Clomiphene (Clomid, Serophene)
	70 Drugs for Modifying Conception
		Options and Choices for Birth Control
		Combination Oral Contraceptives
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Estradiol and Norethindrone (Ortho-Novum, Others)
		Adverse Effects of Combination Oral Contraceptives
		Progestin-Only Oral Contraceptives
		Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives
		Spermicides
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Nonoxynol-9
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Hormonal Contraceptives
		Emergency Contraception
		Drugs for Pharmacologic Abortion
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Mifepristone (Mifeprex)
	71 Drugs for Disorders and Conditions of the Male Reproductive System
		Regulation of Male Reproductive Function
		Pharmacotherapy with Androgens
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Testosterone
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Androgens
		Anabolic Steroids
		Etiology of Male Sexual Dysfunction
		Pharmacotherapy of Male Infertility
		Pharmacotherapy of Erectile Dysfunction
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Sildenafil (Viagra)
		Pathophysiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
		Pharmacotherapy of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Finasteride (Proscar)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Unit 11 Additional Drug Classes
	72 Pharmacotherapy of Bone and Joint Disorders
		Role of Calcium in Body Homeostasis
		Regulation of Calcium Balance
		Pharmacotherapy of Calcium Imbalances
			Treatment of Hypocalcemia
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Calcium Salts
			Treatment of Hypercalcemia
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Osteoporosis
		Pathophysiology of Metabolic Bone Disease
		Pharmacotherapy of Metabolic Bone Disease
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Calcitriol (Calcijex, Rocaltrol)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Alendronate (Fosamax)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Raloxifene (Evista)
		Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Joint Disorders
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Adalimumab (Humira)
			Other DMARDS for Rheumatoid Arthritis
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis
		Pharmacotherapy of Gout and Hyperuricemia
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Colchicine (Colcrys)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Allopurinol (Lopurin, Zyloprim)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Gout
	73 Pharmacotherapy of Dermatologic Disorders
		Anatomy of the Integumentary System
		Classification of Skin Disorders
		Pharmacotherapy of Skin Infections
			Scabicides and Pediculicides
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Permethrin (Acticin, Elimite, Nix)
		Pharmacotherapy of Acne and Rosacea
			Acne Vulgaris
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Lice or Mite Infestation
			Rosacea
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Tretinoin (Avita, Retin-A, Others)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Acne and Related Skin Conditions
		Pharmacotherapy of Dermatitis
		Pharmacotherapy of Psoriasis
			Topical Drugs
			Systemic Drugs
		Pharmacotherapy of Minor Skin Burns
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Benzocaine (Americaine, Anbesol, Others)
		Pharmacotherapy of Alopecia
	74 Pharmacotherapy of Eye and Ear Disorders
		Anatomy of the Eye
		Pathophysiology of Glaucoma
		Pharmacotherapy of Glaucoma
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Latanoprost (Xalatan)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Timolol (Betimol, Timoptic, Others)
			Miscellaneous Drugs for Treating Glaucoma
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Glaucoma
		Pharmacotherapy for Eye Examinations
		Pharmacotherapy for Other Eye Conditions
		Anatomy of the Ear
		Pharmacotherapy with Otic Preparations
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Otitis
	75 Emergency Preparedness: Bioterrorism and Management of Poisoning
		Emergency Preparedness, Bioterrorism, and Nursing
		Biologic Agents
		Chemical and Physical Agents
		Management of Poisoning
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Activated Charcoal (CharcoAid)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Edetate Calcium Disodium (Calcium EDTA)
			PROTOTYPE DRUG: Dimercaprol (BAL in Oil)
			CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Poisoning or Overdose
Appendices
	A Answers to Chapter Review
	B ISMP List of High-Alert Medications in Acute Care Settings
Glossary
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Credits
Index
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