Pharmacology for Nurses: A Pathophysiological Approach

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Unit 1: Fundamental Concepts and Principles of Pharmacology
	Chapter 1: Introduction to Pharmacology and Drug Regulations in Canada
		Pharmacology: The Study of Medicines
		Pharmacology and Therapeutics
		Classification of Therapeutic Agents as Drugs, Biologics, or Natural Health Products
		Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drugs
		Drug Regulations and Standards
		Federal Drug Legislation
		Approval Process for Prescription Drugs
		Pricing and Access to Prescription Drugs Across Canada
	Chapter 2: Drug Classes and Schedules in Canada
		Characteristics of an Ideal Drug
		Therapeutic and Pharmacological Classification of Drugs
		Chemical, Generic, and Trade Names of Drugs
		Differences Between Brand Name Drugs and Their Generic Equivalents
		Drug Schedules
		Controlled Drugs and Substances
		Connecting Pharmacology to Nursing Practice
	Chapter 3: Pharmacokinetics
		Pharmacokinetics: How the Body Handles Medications
		The Passage of Drugs Through Plasma Membranes
		Absorption of Medications
		Distribution of Medications
		Metabolism of Medications
		Excretion of Medications
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Adverse Drug Effects and the Elderly
		Drug Plasma Concentration and Therapeutic Response
		Plasma Half-Life and Duration of Drug Action
		Loading Doses and Maintenance Doses
	Chapter 4: Pharmacodynamics
		Pharmacodynamics and Inter-Individual Variability
		Therapeutic Index Describes a Drug’s Margin of Safety
		The Graded Dose-Response Relationship and Therapeutic Response
		Potency and Efficacy
		Cellular Receptors and Drug Action
		Types of Drug-Receptor Interactions
		Pharmacology of the Future: Customizing Drug Therapy
			Connections: Special Considerations Enzyme Deficiency in Certain Ethnic Populations
Unit 2: Pharmacology and the Nurse-Client Relationship
	Chapter 5: The Nursing Process in Pharmacology
		Review of the Nursing Process
		Assessing the Client in Relation to Drug Administration
		Diagnosing for the Client Receiving Medications
			Connections: Special Considerations Clients with Speaking, Visual, or Hearing Impairments
		Setting Goals and Outcomes for Drug Administration
		Key Interventions for Drug Administration
		Evaluating the Effects of Drug Administration
			Connections: Cultural Considerations Non- English-Speaking and Culturally Diverse Clients
	Chapter 6: Lifespan Considerations in Pharmacotherapy
		Pharmacotherapy Across the Lifespan
		Pharmacotherapy During Pregnancy and Lactation
		Pharmacotherapy During Pregnancy
		Pharmacokinetics During Pregnancy
		Gestational Age and Pharmacotherapy
			Connections: Special Considerations Altered Pharmacokinetics During Pregnancy
		Pregnancy Drug Categories
		Pharmacotherapy During Lactation
		Pharmacotherapy During Childhod
		Pharmacotherapy in the Pediatric Population
		Medication Safety for Pediatric Clients
			Nursing Actions and Guidelines
			Nursing Education and Communication
		Calculating Drug Dosages for the Pediatric Client
		Adverse Drug Reactions in Children and Promoting Adherence
		Pharmacotherapy of Toddlers
		Pharmacotherapy of Preschoolers and School-Aged Children
			Connections: Special Considerations Pediatric Drug Research and Labelling
		Pharmacotherapy of Adolescents
		Pharmacotherapy in Adulthood
		Pharmacotherapy of Young and Middle-Aged Adults
			Connections: Special Considerations Gender-Related Differences in Pharmacokinetics
		Pharmacotherapy of Older Adults
			Connections: Special Considerations Altered Pharmacokinetics During Older Adulthood
		Adherence to the Therapeutic Regimen
Unit 3: Professional, Personal, and Cultural Influences on Pharmacotherapy
	Chapter 7: Individual, Psychosocial, and Cultural Influences on Drug Responses
		The Concept of Holistic Pharmacotherapy
		Psychosocial Influences on Pharmacotherapy
			Connections: Special Considerations Alcoholism: Cultural and Environmental Influences
		Cultural and Ethnic Influences on Pharmacotherapy
			Connections: Special Considerations Religious Affiliation and Disease Incidence
		CommUnity and Environmental Influences on Pharmacotherapy
		Genetic Polymorphisms and Their Influence on Pharmacotherapy
		Gender Influences on Pharmacotherapy
	Chapter 8: Drug Effects, Adverse Reactions, and Interactions
		The Nurse’s Role in Preventing and Managing Adverse Drug Effects
		The Canadian Adverse Drug Reaction Information System
		Allergic Reactions
		Idiosyncratic Reactions
		Drugs That Have the Ability to Induce Cancer or Cause Birth Defects
		Drug Toxicity
			Nephrotoxicity
			Neurotoxicity
			Hepatotoxicity
			Dermatological Toxicity
			Bone Marrow Toxicity
			Cardiotoxicity
			Skeletal Muscle and Tendon Toxicity
		Drug Interactions
		Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions
			Absorption
			Distribution
			Metabolism
			Excretion
		Pharmacodynamic Drug Interactions
		Food, Nutrient, and Dietary Supplement Interactions
	Chapter 9: Principles of Drug Administration
		Nursing Management of Drug Administration
		Medication Knowledge, Understanding, and Responsibilities of the Nurse
		The Rights of Drug Administration
		Client Adherence and Successful Pharmacotherapy
			Connections: Special Considerations The Challenges of Pediatric Drug Administration
		Drug Orders and Time Schedules
		Systems of Measurement
		Routes of Drug Administration
		Enteral Drug Administration
			Tablets and Capsules
			Sublingual and Buccal Drug Administration
			Elixirs, Syrups, and Suspensions
			Nasogastric and Gastrostomy Drug Administration
		Topical Drug Administration
			Transdermal Delivery System
			Ophthalmic Administration
			Otic Administration
			Nasal Administration
			Vaginal Administration
			Rectal Administration
		Parenteral Drug Administration
			Intradermal and Subcutaneous Administration
			Intramuscular Administration
			Intravenous Administration
	Chapter 10: Medication Incidents and Risk Reduction
		Medication Incidents
		National Programs for Monitoring Medication Incidents and Reducing Risk
		Ethics and Standards of Nursing Practice
		Factors Contributing to Medication Incidents
		Drug Names and Medication Errors
		The Impact of Medication Incidents
		Documenting and Reporting Medication Incidents
			Documenting in the Client’s Medical Record
			Completing a Written Incident Report
			Reporting at the National Level
		Strategies for Preventing Medication Incidents
			Connections Lifespan Considerations Issues in Medication Safety and Risk Reduction
		Providing Client Education for Safe Medication Usage
	Chapter 11: Complementary and Alternative Therapies and Their Roles in Pharmacotherapy in Canada
		Complementary and Alternative Therapies
		Brief History of Natural Health Products
		Regulation of Natural Health Products (NHPs)
		Herbal Product Formulations
			Connections: Special Considerations Herbal Products
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Dietary Supplements and the Older Adult
		Herb-Drug Interactions: The Pharmacological Actions and Safety of Natural Products
		Specialty Supplements Used to Promote Wellness
Unit 4: Pharmacology of Alterations in the Autonomic Nervous System
	Chapter 12: Brief Review of the Autonomic Nervous System and Neurotransmitters
		The Nervous System
		The Two Major Subdivisions of the Nervous System
		The Peripheral Nervous System
		The Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Branches
		Structure and Function of Synapses
		Acetylcholine and Cholinergic Transmission
		Norepinephrine and Adrenergic Transmission
		Autonomic Drugs
		Classification and Naming of Autonomic Drugs
	Chapter 13: Pharmacotherapy with Cholinergic Agonists and Antagonists
		Prototype Drugs: Cholinergics
		Cholinergic Agonists
		Clinical Applications of Cholinergics
			Prototype Drug: Bethanechol (Duvoid)
		Nicotinic Agonists (Nicotine)
			Indirect-Acting Cholinergics
			Direct-Acting Cholinergics
		Anticholinergics
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Special Considerations Impact of Anticholinergics on Male Sexual Function
		Clinical Applications of Anticholinergics
			Connections: Natural Therapies Valerian
			Prototype Drug: Atropine
	Chapter 14: Pharmacotherapy with Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists
		Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists
		Clinical Applications of Adrenergics
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)
		Adrenergic Antagonists
		Clinical Applications of Adrenergic Antagonists
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Prazosin (Minipress)
Unit 5: Pharmacology of Alterations in the Central Nervous System
	Chapter 15: Brief Review of the Central Nervous System
		How Medications Affect the Central Nervous System
		Neurons and Neurotransmission
		Structural Divisions of the Central Nervous System
		Functional Systems of the Central Nervous System
	Chapter 16: Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety and Sleep Disorders
		Anxiety Disorders
		Types of Anxiety Disorders
		Regions of the Brain Responsible for Anxiety and Wakefulness
		Sleep Disorders
		Anxiety Management Through Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Strategies
		Insomnia
		Insomnia and the Role of Melatonin
		Central Nervous System Depresants
		Treating Anxiety and Insomnia with CNS Depressants
		Benzodiazepines
		Treating Anxiety and Insomnia with Benzodiazepines
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drugs: Lorazepam (Ativan)
		Barbiturates
		Use of Barbiturates as Sedatives
		Other CNS Depressants for Anxiety and Sleep Disorders
			Prototype Drugs: Zopiclone (Imovane)
	Chapter 17: Pharmacotherapy of Emotional and Mood Disorders
		Depresion
		Categories of Mood Disorders
		The Characteristics of Depression
			Connections: Special Considerations Cultural Influences on Depression and Its Management
		Assessment and Treatment of Depression
		Antidepresants
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Depression across the Lifespan
		Mechanism of Action of Antidepressants
		Treating Depression with Tricyclic Antidepressants
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Imipramine (Tofranil)
		Treating Depression with SSRIs
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Fluoxetine (Prozac)
		Treating Depression with MAO Inhibitors
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Phenelzine (Nardil)
		Atypical Antidepressants
			Connections: Natural Therapies St. John’s Wort for Depression
		Bipolar Disorder
		Lithium
			Prototype Drug: Lithium (Carbolith, Lithane)
			Nursing Considerations
	Chapter 18: Central Nervous System Stimulants and Pharmacotherapy of Attention Deficit and Hyperactive Disorders
		Central Nervous System Stimulants
		Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
		Pharmacotherapy of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
			Drugs for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Zero Drug Tolerance in Schools
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta, Biphentin)
		Methylxanthines
			Prototype Drug: Caffeine
	Chapter 19: Pharmacotherapy of Psychoses
		The Nature of Psychoses
		Signs and Symptoms of Schizophrenia
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Schizophrenia Across the Lifespan
			Connections: Special Considerations Cultural Views and Treatment of Mental Illness
		Pharmacological Management of Psychoses
		Conventional (Typical) Antipsychotic Agents
		Treating Psychoses with Phenothiazines
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Chlorpromazine
		Treating Psychoses with Non-Phenothiazines
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Haloperidol (Haldol)
		Atypical Antipsychotic Agents
		Treating Psychoses with Atypical Antipsychotics
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Clozapine (Clozaril)
		Treating Psychoses with Dopamine System Stabilizers
			Prototype Drug: Aripiprazole (Abilify)
	Chapter 20: Pharmacotherapy of Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System
		Degenerative Diseases of the Central Nervous System
			Connections: Special Considerations Degenerative Diseases of the Central Nervous System
		Parkinson’s Disease
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Age-Related Incidence
		Characteristics of Parkinson’s Disease
		Drugs for Parkinsonism
		Treating Parkinsonism with Dopaminergic Drugs
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Carbidopa-Levodopa (Sinemet)
		Treating Parkinsonism with Anticholinergics
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Benztropine (Cogentin)
		Alzheimer’s Disease
		Characteristics of Alzheimer’s Disease
		Drugs for Alzheimer’s Disease
		Treating Alzheimer’s Disease with Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Donepezil (Aricept)
			Connections: Natural Therapies Ginkgo biloba for Treatment of Dementia
			Connections: Special Considerations Living with Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s Disease
		Multiple Sclerosis
			Drugs for Modifying the Progression of Multiple Sclerosis
	Chapter 21: Pharmacotherapy of Seizures
		Seizures
		Causes of Seizures
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Seizure Causes Based on Age-Related Factors and Genetics
		Types of Seizures
			Partial Seizures
			Generalized Seizures
			Special Epileptic Syndromes
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Epilepsy across the Lifespan
		General Concepts of Epilepsy Pharmacotherapy
			Drugs That Potentiate GABA
		Treating Seizures with Barbiturates and Miscellaneous GABA Agents
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Phenobarbital (Phenobarb)
		Treating Seizures with Benzodiazepines
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Diazepam (Valium)
		Drugs That Supres Sodium Influx
		Treating Seizures with Hydantoins and Phenytoin-Like Drugs
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Phenytoin (Dilantin)
			Prototype Drug: Valproic Acid (Depakene, Epival)
		Drugs That Supres Calcium Influx
		Treating Seizures with Succinimides
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Natural Therapies The Ketogenic Diet
			Prototype Drug: Ethosuximide (Zarontin)
	Chapter 22: Pharmacotherapy of Muscle Spasms and Spasticity
		Muscle Spasms
		Causes of Muscle Injury and Spasms
		Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatment of Muscle Spasms
		Centraly Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
		Treating Muscle Spasms at the Level of the Central Nervous System
			Connections: Natural Therapies Cayenne for Muscular Tension
			Prototype Drug: Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril)
		Spasticity
		Causes and Treatment of Spasticity
		Treating Muscle Spasms Directly at the Muscle Tissue
			Prototype Drug: Dantrolene (Dantrium)
			Nursing Considerations
	Chapter 23: Pharmacotherapy of Pain and Migraine
		General Principles of Pain Management
			Pharmacological Therapies
			Management of Cancer Pain
			Patient-Controlled Analgesia
		Assessment and Classification of Pain
			Pain Transduction
			Pain Transmission
			Pain Perception
			Pain Modulation
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Pain in Infants and Older Adults
			Connections: Cultural Considerations Cultural Influences on Pain Expression and Perception
		Non-Pharmacological Techniques for Pain Management
		The Neural Mechanisms of Pain
		Opioid (Narcotic ) Analgesics
		Classification of Opioids
		Pharmacotherapy with Opioids
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations The Influence of Age on Pain Expression and Perception
			Prototype Drug: Morphine (Kadian, M-Eslon, MS Contin, MS-IR, Statex)
		Pharmacotherapy with Opioid Antagonists
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Naloxone (Narcan)
		Treatment for Opioid Dependence
		Non-Opioid Analgesics
		Pharmacotherapy with NSAIDs
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin)
		Tension Headaches and Migraines
		Classification of Headaches
		Drug Therapy for Migraine Headaches
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Natural Therapies Feverfew for Migraines
			Prototype Drug: Sumatriptan (Imitrex)
	Chapter 24: Pharmacology of Local and General Anesthesia
		Regional Loss of Sensation Using Local Anesthetics
		Local Anesthetics
		Mechanism of Action of Local Anesthetics
			Connections: Natural Therapies Clove and Anise as Natural Dental Remedies
		Classification of Local Anesthetics
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Effects of Anesthesia on Children and Older Adults
			Prototype Drug: Lidocaine (Xylocaine)
		Characteristics of General Anesthesia
		General Anesthetics
		Pharmacotherapy with Inhaled General Anesthetics
			Gaseous General Anesthetics
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Nitrous Oxide
			Volatile Liquid General Anesthetics
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Halothane (Fluothane)
		Intravenous Anesthetics
		Pharmacotherapy with IV Anesthetics
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Propofol (Diprivan)
		Non-Anesthetic Drugs as Adjuncts to Surgery
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Succinylcholine (Quelicin)
	Chapter 25: Pharmacotherapy in Substances of Abuse and Addiction
		Overview of Substances of Addiction
		Neurobiological and Psychosocial Components of Substance Addiction
		Physical and Psychological Dependence
		Withdrawal Syndrome
		Tolerance
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Pediatric Use of Volatile Inhalants
		CNS Depressants
			Sedatives
			Opioids
			Ethyl Alcohol
		Cannabinoids
			Marijuana
		Hallucinogens
			LSD
			Other Hallucinogens
		CNS Stimulants
			Amphetamines and Methylphenidate
			Cocaine
			Caffeine
			Connections: Natural Therapies Herbal Stimulants and Ephedra
		Nicotine
			Tobacco Use and Nicotine
			Connections: Special Considerations Ethnic Groups and Smoking
		Inhalants
		Anabolic Steroids
		The Nurse’s Role in Substance Addiction
Unit 6: Pharmacology of Alterations in the Endocrine System
	Chapter 26: Brief Review of the Endocrine System
		Overview of the Endocrine System
		Hormone Receptors
		Negative Feedback Mechanism
			Neuronal Stimuli
			Humoral Stimuli
			Hormonal Stimuli
		Hormone Pharmacotherapy
	Chapter 27: Pharmacotherapy of Hypothalamic and Pituitary Disorders
		Functions of the Hypothalamus
		Functions of the Pituitary Gland
		Pharmacotherapy of Growth Hormone Disorders
		Disorders of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
		Pharmacotherapy with Pituitary and Hypothalamic Hormones
			Prototype Drug: Somatropin (Genotropin, Humatrope, omnitrope, saizen, serostim)
		Antidiuretic Hormone
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Vasopressin (Pressyn)
	Chapter 28: Pharmacotherapy of Diabetes Mellitus
		Normal Functions of the Pancreas
		Etiology and Characteristics of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Pregestational Diabetes
			Insulin
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
			Connections: Special Considerations What Does the Diabetes Charter Mean for Canada?
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Gestational Diabetes
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Diabetes in the Geriatric Population
		Pharmacotherapy with Insulin
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Regular Insulin (Humulin R, Novolin ge Toronto)
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Psychosocial Impacts on the Young Diabetic
			Connections: Special Considerations Carbohydrate Counting: Flexible Carbohydrate Plan
		Pharmacotherapy with Oral Antihyperglycemics
			Sulfonylureas
			Biguanides
			Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
			Thiazolidinediones
			Meglitinides
			Incretin Enhancers
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Natural Therapies Stevia for Hyperglycemia
			Prototype Drug: Glyburide (DiaBeta)
	Chapter 29: Pharmacotherapy of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disorders
		Normal Function of the Thyroid Gland
		Diagnosis of Thyroid Disorders
		Hypothyroid Disorders
		Pharmacotherapy of Hypothyroid Disorders
			Connections: Natural Therapies Treatments for Thyroid Disease
			Connections: Special Considerations Shift Workers, Hypothyroidism, and Drug Adherence
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Levothyroxine (Eltroxin, Synthroid)
		Hyperthyroid Disorders
		Pharmacotherapy of Hyperthyroid Disorders
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Propylthiouracil (PTU)
	Chapter 30: Corticosteroids and Pharmacotherapy of Adrenal Disorders
		Physiology of the Adrenal Gland
			Mineralocorticoids
			Glucocorticoids
			Gonadocorticoids
		Overview of Corticosteroid Pharmacotherapy
		Adverse Effects of Corticosteroids
		Replacement Therapy with Corticosteroids
			Prototype Drug: Hydrocortisone (Cortef)
		Corticosteroids in Inflammation
			Arthritis
			Inflammatory Bowel Disease
			Asthma
			Allergies
			Transplant Rejection Prophylaxis
			Dermatological Conditions
			Neoplasms
			Edema
		Mineralocorticoids in Adrenal Insufficiency
		Pharmacotherapy of Cushing’s Syndrome
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Treatment of Cushing’s Syndrome during Pregnancy
	Chapter 31: Pharmacotherapy of Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
		Hypothalamic and Pituitary Regulation of Female Reproductive Function
		Ovarian Control of Female Reproductive Function
		Contraception
		Estrogens and Progestins as Oral Contraceptives
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Ethinyl Estradiol with Norethindrone (Ortho-Novum 1/35)
		Drugs for Long-Term Contraception and Newer Contraceptive Delivery Methods
			Transdermal Delivery Method
			Vaginal Delivery Method
			Depot Injection Methods
			Intrauterine Devices
			Spermicides
		Emergency Contraception and Pharmacological Abortion
		Menopause
		Hormone Replacement Therapy
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Conjugated Estrogens (Premarin)
		Uterine Abnormalities
		Pharmacotherapy with Progestins
			Connections: Special Considerations Estrogen Use and Psychosocial Issues
			Connections: Natural Therapies Chaste Berry for Premenstrual Syndrome and Menopause
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Medroxyprogesterone (Provera, Medroxy)
		Labour and Breastfeding
		Pharmacological Management of Uterine Contractions
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Oxytocin (Pitocin)
		Female Infertility
		Pharmacotherapy of Female Fertility
	Chapter 32: Pharmacotherapy of Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
		Connections: Special Considerations Male Reproductive Conditions and Disorders
		Hypothalamic and Pituitary Regulation of Male Reproductive Function
		Male Hypogonadism
		Pharmacotherapy with Androgens
			Prototype Drug: Testosterone Base (Andriol, Androderm, AndroGel, Testim)
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Special Considerations Androgen Abuse by Athletes
		Male Sexual Dysfunction
		Male Infertility
		Pharmacotherapy of Male Infertility
		Erectile Dysfunction
		Pharmacotherapy of Erectile Dysfunction
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Sildenafil (Viagra)
		Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
		Pharmacotherapy of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Natural Therapies Saw Palmetto
			Prototype Drug: Finasteride (Proscar)
Unit 7: Pharmacology of Alterations in the Gastrointestinal System
	Chapter 33: Brief Review of the Gastrointestinal System
		The Function of the Digestive System
		Physiology of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
		Physiology of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
		The Large Intestine
		Physiology of the Accessory Organs of Digestion
		Regulation of Digestive Processes
		Nutrient Categories and Metabolism
	Chapter 34: Pharmacotherapy of Peptic Ulcer Disease
		Connections: Special Considerations Peptic Ulcer Disease
		Acid Production by the Stomach
		Pathogenesis of Peptic Ulcer Disease
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Ulcers
		Pathogenesis of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
		Pharmacotherapy of Peptic Ulcer Disease
			Connections: Natural Therapies Ginger’s Tonic Effects on the GI Tract
		H2-Receptor Antagonists
		Pharmacotherapy with H2-Receptor Antagonists
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Ranitidine (Zantac)
		Proton Pump Inhibitors
		Pharmacotherapy with Proton Pump Inhibitors
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations H2-Receptor Antagonists and Vitamin B12 in Older Adults
			Prototype Drug: Omeprazole (Losec)
		Antacids
		Pharmacotherapy with Antacids
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Aluminum Hydroxide (Amphojel)
		Antibiotics
		Pharmacotherapy with Combination Antibiotic Therapy
		Miscelaneous Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease
	Chapter 35: Pharmacotherapy of Bowel Disorders and Other Gastrointestinal Alterations
		Constipation
		Pathophysiology of Constipation
		Pharmacotherapy with Laxatives
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Psyllium Mucilloid (Metamucil, Psyllium)
		Diarhea
		Pathophysiology of Diarrhea
		Pharmacotherapy with Antidiarrheals
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Special Considerations Cultural Remedies for Diarrhea
			Prototype Drug: Diphenoxylate with Atropine (Lomotil)
			Connections: Natural Therapies Probiotics for Diarrhea
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Management of Diarrhea
			Connections: Special Considerations Treatment for Watery Diarrhea in Infants and Children
		Nausea and Vomiting
		Pathophysiology of Nausea and Vomiting
		Pharmacotherapy with Antiemetics
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Prochlorperazine (Stemetil)
		Inflamatory Bowel Disease
		Irritable Bowel Syndrome
			Lifestyle Changes, Diet, and Aggravating Medications
			Dietary Fibre and Laxatives
			Antidepressant Therapy
			Drug-Specific Therapies
		Pancreatitis
		Pharmacotherapy of Pancreatitis
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Special Considerations Psychosocial and CommUnity Impacts of Alcohol-Related Pancreatitis
			Prototype Drug: Pancrelipase (Lipancreatin, Pancrease)
	Chapter 36: Pharmacotherapy of Obesity and Weight Management
		Etiology of Obesity
		Measurement of Obesity
		Non-pharmacological Therapies for Obesity
		Pharmacotherapy with Drugs for Weight Loss
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Orlistat (Xenical)
	Chapter 37: Pharmacotherapy of Nutritional Disorders
		Vitamins
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Vitamins, Minerals, and Other Nutrients
		Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Health
		Classification of Vitamins
		Recommended Dietary Reference Intakes
		Indications for Vitamin Pharmacotherapy
		Lipid-Soluble Vitamins
		Pharmacotherapy with Lipid-Soluble Vitamins
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Vitamin A
		Water -Soluble Vitamins
			Connections: Special Considerations Vitamin Supplements and Client Communication
		Pharmacotherapy with Water-Soluble Vitamins
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Natural Therapies Vitamin C and the Common Cold
			Prototype Drug: Folic Acid
		Minerals
		Pharmacotherapy with Minerals
		Pharmacotherapy with Macrominerals
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Magnesium Sulfate
		Pharmacotherapy with Microminerals
		Nutritional Suplements
		Etiology of Undernutrition
		Enteral Nutrition
		Total Parenteral Nutrition
			Carbohydrates
			Lipids
			Amino Acids
			Electrolytes and Minerals
			Vitamins
Unit 8: Pharmacology of Alterations in the Respiratory System
	Chapter 38: Pharmacotherapy of Asthma, Common Cold, and Other Pulmonary Disorders
		Physiology of the Respiratory System
		Bronchiolar Smooth Muscle
		Administration of Pulmonary Drugs via Inhalation
		Asthma
		Pathophysiology of Asthma
		Beta -Adrenergic Agonists
		Treating Asthma with Beta-Adrenergic Agonists
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Salmeterol (Serevent Diskhaler Disk)
		Methylxanthines and Anticholinergics
		Treating Asthma with Methylxanthines and Anticholinergics
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Special Considerations Asthma Management in Schools
			Prototype Drug: Ipratropium (Atrovent)
		Glucocorticoids
		Pharmacotherapy of Asthma with Glucocorticoids
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Beclomethasone (QVAR)
		Mast Cel Stabilizers
		Treating Asthma with Mast Cell Stabilizers
		Leukotriene Modifiers
		Treating Asthma with Leukotriene Modifiers
		Comon Cold
		Pharmacotherapy with Antitussives
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Dextromethorphan (Koffex DM)
		Pharmacotherapy with Expectorants and Mucolytics
		Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
		Pharmacotherapy of COPD
			Connections: Special Considerations Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Unit 9: Pharmacology of Alterations in Body Defences
	Chapter 39: Brief Review of Body Defences and the Immune System
		The Lymphatic System
		Innate (Nonspecific) Body Defences
			Physical Barriers
			Cellular Barriers
			Process Barriers
		Inflammation
		Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
		Specific (Adaptive) Body Defences
		Humoral Immune Response
		Cell-Mediated Immune Response
	Chapter 40: Pharmacotherapy with Immunostimulants and Immunosupressants
		Immunomodulators
		Pharmacotherapy with Biological Response Modifiers
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Interferon Alfa-2 (Intron A)
		Immunosupresants
			Connections: Natural Therapies Echinacea for Boosting the Immune System
		Immunosuppressants to Prevent Transplant Rejection
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)
		Corticosteroids as Immunosuppressants
	Chapter 41: Pharmacotherapy of Immune System Modulation and Immunization
		Administration of Vaccines and the Immune System
		Types of Vaccines
			Prototype Drug: Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombivax, Energix-B)
			Connections: Cultural Considerations Immunization
	Chapter 42: Pharmacotherapy of Inflammation, Fever, and Allergies
		The Function of Inflammation
		The Role of Histamine in Inflammation
		Histamine Receptors
		Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflamatory Drugs
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations NSAID Use
		Treating Inflammation with NSAIDs
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil)
			Connections: Natural Therapies Fish Oils for Inflammation
		Systemic Glucocorticoids
		Treating Acute or Severe Inflammation with Systemic Glucocorticoids
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Prednisone
		Fever
		Treating Fever with Antipyretics
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Cultural Considerations Ethnic Considerations in Acetaminophen Metabolism
			Prototype Drug: Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
		Allergy
		Pharmacotherapy of Allergic Rhinitis
		H1-Receptor Antagonists (Antihistamines )
		Treating Allergic Rhinitis with H1-Receptor Antagonists
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Diphenhydramine (Allerdryl, Benadryl)
			Prototype Drug: Fexofenadine (Allegra)
		Intranasal Glucocorticoids
		Treating Allergic Rhinitis with Intranasal Glucocorticoids
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Fluticasone (Flonase)
		Adrenergics
		Treating Nasal Congestion with Adrenergics
			Connections: Special Considerations Drugs in the CommUnity: Pseudoephedrine and Drug Abuse
			Nursing Considerations
		Anaphylaxis
		Pharmacotherapy of Anaphylaxis
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Epinephrine (Adrenalin)
Unit 10: Pharmacology of Infectious Diseases
	Chapter 43: Basic Principles of Anti-Infective Pharmacotherapy
		Pathogenicity and Virulence
		Describing and Classifying Bacteria
		Classification of Anti-Infectives
		Mechanisms of Action of Anti-Infectives
			Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
			Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
			Disruption of the Plasma Cell Membrane
			Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
			Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways (Antimetabolites)
			Other Mechanisms of Action
		Acquired Resistance
			Mechanisms of Resistance
			Promotion of Resistance
			Prevention of Resistant Strains
		Selection of Antibiotics
		Indications for and Selection of Specific Anti-Infectives
		Use of Anti-Infectives to Prevent Infections
		Host Factors That Affect Anti-Infective Selection
			Host Defences
			Local Tissue Conditions
			Allergy History
			Other Host Factors
		Superinfections
	Chapter 44: Pharmacotherapy of Bacterial Infections
		Antibacterial Agents
		Penicilins
		Pharmacotherapy with Penicillins
			Connections: Cultural Considerations Cultural Beliefs and Antibacterials
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Penicillin G Potassium
		Cephalosporins
		Pharmacotherapy with Cephalosporins
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Cefotaxime (Claforan)
		Tetracyclines
		Pharmacotherapy with Tetracyclines
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Tetracycline
		Macrolides
		Pharmacotherapy with Macrolides
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Erythromycin (Eryc)
		Aminoglycosides
		Pharmacotherapy with Aminoglycosides
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Gentamicin (Garamycin)
		Fluoroquinolones
		Pharmacotherapy with Fluoroquinolones
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
		Sulfonamides
		Pharmacotherapy with Sulfonamides
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Spectra)
		Miscelaneous Antibacterials
			Prototype Drug: Vancomycin (Vancocin)
		Urinary Antiseptics
			Connections: Natural Therapies Antibacterial Properties of Goldenseal
			Prototype Drug: Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid, Macrodantin)
		Tuberculosis
		Pharmacotherapy of Tuberculosis
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Isoniazid
		Drugs for Leprosy
			Prototype Drug: Dapsone
	Chapter 45: Pharmacotherapy of Fungal, Protozoan, and Helminthic Infections
		Characteristics of Fungi
		Classification of Mycoses
		Mechanism of Action of Antifungal Drugs
		Drugs for Systemic Antifungal Infections
		Pharmacotherapy of Systemic Fungal Diseases
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Amphotericin B (Fungizone)
		Azoles
		Pharmacotherapy with the Azole Antifungals
			Nursing Considerations
		Drugs for Superficial Fungal Infections
			Prototype Drug: Fluconazole (Diflucan)
			Connections: Natural Therapies Remedies for Fungal Infections
		Superficial Fungal Infections
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Nystatin (Nyaderm)
		Protozoan Infections
		Pharmacotherapy of Malaria
			Nursing Considerations
		Pharmacotherapy of Non-Malarial Protozoan Infections
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Special Considerations Parasitic Infections in Children
			Prototype Drug: Metronidazole (Flagyl)
		Drugs for Helminthic Infections
		Pharmacotherapy of Helminthic Infections
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Prevention of Childhood Helminthic Infections
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Mebendazole (Vermox)
	Chapter 46: Pharmacotherapy of Non-HIV Viral Infections
		Characteristics of Viruses
		Pharmacotherapy of Non-HIV Viral Infections
		Herpesviruses
		Pharmacotherapy of Herpesvirus Infections
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Acyclovir (Zovirax)
		Influenza
		Pharmacotherapy of Influenza
		Hepatitis
		Pharmacotherapy of Hepatitis
	Chapter 47: Pharmacotherapy of HIV-AIDS
		HIV-AIDS
			Transmission
			Replication Cycle
			Symptoms
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations HIV in Pregnant, Pediatric, and Geriatric Populations
		General Principles of HIV Pharmacotherapy
		Classification of Drugs for HIV-AIDS
		Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
		Pharmacotherapy with Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
			Prototype Drug: Zidovudine (AZT, Retrovir)
			Prototype Drug: Nevirapine (Viramune)
		Protease Inhibitors
		Pharmacotherapy with Protease Inhibitors
			Connections: Special Considerations Cultural and Psychosocial Issues with Antiretroviral Drug Adherence
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Natural Therapies Complementary and Alternative Medicine for HIV
			Prototype Drug: Saquinavir (Invirase)
		Prophylaxis of HIV Infections
			Post-Exposure Prophylaxis of HIV Infection
			Reducing the Risk for Perinatal Transmission of HIV
		Pharmacotherapy of Opportunistic Infections Associated with HIV-AIDS
Unit 11: Pharmacology of Alterations in the Cardiovascular System
	Chapter 48: Brief Review of the Cardiovascular System
		Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular System
		Functions and Properties of Blood
		Hemostasis
		Cardiac Structure and Function
		The Coronary Arteries
		The Cardiac Conduction System
		Cardiac Output
		Hemodynamics and Blood Pressure
		Neural Regulation of Blood Pressure
		Hormonal Effects on Blood Pressure
	Chapter 49: Pharmacotherapy of Lipid Disorders
		Types of Lipid
		Lipoproteins
		Achieving and Maintaining Desirable Lipid Levels
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Pediatric Dyslipidemia
		Controlling Lipid Levels through Lifestyle Changes
		HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins )
		Pharmacotherapy with Statins
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
		Bile Acid Resins
		Bile Acid Resins for Reducing Cholesterol and LDL Levels
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Cholestyramine (Olestyr, Questran)
		Nicotinic Acid
		Pharmacotherapy with Nicotinic Acid
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Natural Therapies Coenzyme Q10 and Cardiovascular Disease
		Fibric Acid Agents
		Pharmacotherapy with Fibric Acid Agents
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Gemfibrozil (Lopid)
		Miscelaneous Agents
			Ezetimibe (Ezetrol)
			Omega-3 Fatty Acids
		Pharmacotherapy with Orlistat
	Chapter 50: Pharmacotherapy of Angina Pectoris, Myocardial Infarction, and Cerebrovascular Accident
		Etiology of Coronary Artery Disease and Myocardial Ischemia
		Blood Supply to the Myocardium
		Pathogenesis of Angina Pectoris
		Non-Pharmacological Management of Angina
			Connections: Special Considerations The Influence of Gender and Ethnicity on Angina
		Goals for the Pharmacotherapy of Angina
		Treating Angina with Organic Nitrates
			Connections: Special Considerations Nitroglycerin Sublingual Tablets and Spray in Chest Pain
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Nitroglycerin (Nitro-Dur, Minitran, Nitrostat, Trinipatch)
		Treating Angina with Beta Blockers
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Atenolol (Tenormin)
			Prototype Drug: Metoprolol (Lopressor)
		Treating Angina with Calcium Channel Blockers
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Diltiazem (Cardizem, Tiazac)
		Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction
		Treating Myocardial Infarction with Thrombolytics
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Reteplase (Retavase)
		Treating Myocardial Infarction with Antiplatelets and Anticoagulants
		Treating Myocardial Infarction with Beta Blockers
			Nursing Considerations
		Drugs for Symptoms and Complications of Acute Myocardial Infarction
		Pathogenesis of Cerebrovascular Accident
		Pharmacotherapy of Thrombotic CVA
			Connections: Special Considerations Cultural, Gender, and Age Considerations in Stroke
			Connections: Natural Therapies Ginseng
	Chapter 51: Pharmacotherapy of Hypertension
		Risk Factors for Hypertension
		Factors Responsible for Blood Pressure
		Normal Regulation of Blood Pressure
		Indications and Guidelines for Hypertension Therapy
		Non-Pharmacological Therapy of Hypertension
			Connections: Special Considerations Lifestyle Recommendations for the Management of Hypertension
		Risk Factors and Selection of Antihypertensive Drugs
			Connections: Special Considerations Strategies to Promote Adherence with HTN Pharmacotherapy
		Diuretics
		Treating Hypertension with Diuretics
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ, Urozide)
		Calcium Chanel Blockers
		Treating Hypertension with Calcium Channel Blockers
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Nifedipine (Adalat)
		Drugs Affecting the Renin- Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
		Pharmacotherapy with ACE Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Special Considerations Ethnicity and ACE Inhibitor Action
			Prototype Drug: Enalapril (Vasotec)
		Adrenergic Agents
		Pharmacotherapy with Adrenergic Agents
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Doxazosin (Cardura)
		Direct Vasodilators
		Treating Hypertension with Direct Vasodilators
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Natural Therapies Hawthorn for Hypertension
			Prototype Drug: Hydralazine (Apresoline)
	Chapter 52: Diuretic Therapy and Pharmacotherapy of Renal Failure
		Brief Review of Renal Physiology
		Changes in Renal Filtrate Composition as a Result of Reabsorption and Secretion
		Renal Failure
		Pharmacotherapy of Renal Failure
			Connections: Natural Therapies Cranberry for Urinary Tract Infections
		Diuretics
		Mechanism of Action of Diuretics
		Pharmacotherapy with Loop (High-Ceiling) Diuretics
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Diuretic Therapy in Older Adult Clients
		Pharmacotherapy with Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Chlorothiazide (Diuril)
		Pharmacotherapy with Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
			Sodium Ion Channel Inhibitors
			Aldosterone Antagonists
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Spironolactone (Aldactone)
		Miscellaneous Diuretics for Specific Indications
			Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
			Osmotic Diuretics
	Chapter 53: Pharmacotherapy of Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances and Acid-Base Disorders
		Fluid Balance
		Body Fluid Compartments
		Osmolality, Tonicity, and the Movement of Body Fluids
		Regulation of Fluid Intake and Output
		Fluid Replacement Agents
		Intravenous Therapy with Crystalloids and Colloids
		Transfusions of Blood Products
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Dextran 40
		Electrolytes
		Normal Functions of Electrolytes
		Pharmacotherapy of Sodium Imbalances
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Sodium Chloride
		Pharmacotherapy of Potassium Imbalances
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Potassium Chloride (K-Dur, Slow-K, Micro-K)
		Magnesium Imbalances
			Hypomagnesemia
			Hypermagnesemia
		Acid-Base Balance
			Connections: Special Considerations Laxatives and Fluid-Electrolyte Balance
		Buffers and the Maintenance of Body pH
		Pharmacotherapy of Acidosis
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Sodium Bicarbonate
		Pharmacotherapy of Alkalosis
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Natural Therapies Sea Vegetables for Acidosis
			Prototype Drug: Ammonium Chloride
	Chapter 54: Pharmacotherapy of Heart Failure
		The Etiology of Heart Failure
		Cardiovascular Changes in Heart Failure
		Pharmacotherapy of Heart Failure
		ACE Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
		Pharmacotherapy with ACE Inhibitors and ARBs
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Special Considerations Points to Consider in Educating Clients with HF
			Prototype Drug: lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril)
		Beta -Adrenergic Blockers (Antagonists )
		Pharmacotherapy with Beta-Adrenergic Blockers
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Carvedilol (Coreg)
		Vasodilators
		Pharmacotherapy with Direct Vasodilators
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Isosorbide Dinitrate (Isordil, ISDN)
		Cardiac Glycosides
		Pharmacotherapy with Cardiac Glycosides
			Connections: Natural Therapies Hawthorn for Heart Failure
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Digoxin (Lanoxin, Toloxin)
		Diuretics
		Pharmacotherapy with Diuretics
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Furosemide (Lasix)
		Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
		Pharmacotherapy with Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Special Considerations Psychosocial Issues and Adherence in Clients with HF
			Prototype Drug: Milrinone
	Chapter 55: Pharmacotherapy of Dysrhythmias
		Frequency of Dysrhythmias in the Population
		Classification of Dysrhythmias
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Dysrhythmias
		Conduction Pathways in the Myocardium
		The Electrocardiograph
		Sodium, Potassium, and the Myocardial Action Potential
		Non-Pharmacological Therapy of Dysrhythmias
		Classification of Dysrhythmias and Antidysrhythmic Drugs
		Sodium Chanel Blockers (Clas I)
		Treating Dysrhythmias with Sodium Channel Blockers
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Procainamide (Procan)
		Beta -Adrenergic Blockers (Clas II)
		Treating Dysrhythmias with Beta-Adrenergic Blockers
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Propranolol (Inderal)
		Potassium Chanel Blockers (Clas III)
			Connections: Cultural Considerations Asian Clients’ Sensitivity to Propranolol
		Treating Dysrhythmias with Potassium Channel Blockers
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Amiodarone (Cordarone)
		Calcium Chanel Blockers (Clas IV)
		Treating Dysrhythmias with Calcium Channel Blockers
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Verapamil (Isoptin)
		Treating Dysrhythmias with Digoxin and Miscelaneous Drugs
			Connections: Natural Therapies Magnesium for Dysrhythmias
	Chapter 56: Pharmacotherapy of Coagulation Disorders
		The Process of Hemostasis
		Removal of Blood Clots
		Diseases of Hemostasis
			Connections: Special Considerations Secondary Causes of Thrombocytopenia
		Mechanisms of Coagulation Modification
		Anticoagulants
		Pharmacotherapy with Parenteral and Oral Anticoagulants
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Heparin
			Prototype Drug: Warfarin (Coumadin)
		Antiplatelet Agents
		Inhibition of Platelet Function
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Clopidogrel (Plavix)
		Thrombolytics
			Connections: Natural Therapies Garlic for Cardiovascular Health
		Pharmacotherapy with Thrombolytics
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Alteplase (Activase)
		Antifibrinolytics
		Pharmacotherapy with Antifibrinolytics
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Aminocaproic Acid (Amicar)
	Chapter 57: Pharmacotherapy of Hematopoietic Disorders
		Hematopoiesis
		Hematopoietic Growth Factors
		Pharmacotherapy with Erythropoietin
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Epoetin Alfa (Epogen, Eprex)
		Pharmacotherapy with Colony-Stimulating Factors
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Filgrastim (Neupogen, Grastofil)
		Pharmacotherapy with Platelet Enhancers
			Nursing Considerations
		Anemias
		Classification of Anemias
		Antianemic Agents
		Pharmacotherapy with Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Cyanocobalamin: Vitamin B12
		Iron
		Pharmacotherapy with Iron
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Iron Deficiency in Children
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Ferrous Sulfate (Fer-In-Sol)
	Chapter 58: Pharmacotherapy of Shock
		Characteristics of Shock
		Causes of Shock
		Fluid Replacement Agents
		Treatment Priorities for Shock
		Treating Shock with Crystalloids and Colloids
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Normal Human Serum Albumin (Albuminar, Alburex, Plasbumin)
		Vasoconstrictors
		Treating Shock with Vasoconstrictors
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Norepinephrine (Levophed)
		Cardiotonic Agents
		Treating Shock with Cardiotonic Agents
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Dopamine
Unit 12: Pharmacology of Neoplastic Disorders
	Chapter 59: Basic Principles of Antineoplastic Therapy
		Characteristics of Cancer
		Etiology of Cancer
		Goals of Chemotherapy
		Staging and Grading of Cancer
		The Cell Cycle and Growth Fraction
		Cell Kill Hypothesis
		Improving the Success of Chemotherapy
			Combination Chemotherapy
			Dosing Schedules
			Route of Administration
		Toxicity of Antineoplastic Agents
			Hematological System
			Gastrointestinal Tract
			Cardiopulmonary System
			Urinary System
			Reproductive System
			Nervous System
			Skin and Soft Tissue
			Other Effects
			Connections: Special Considerations General Guidelines for Extravasation
	Chapter 60: Pharmacotherapy of Neoplasia
		Treatment of Cancer: Surgery, Radiation Therapy, and Chemotherapy
		Antineoplastic Agents
		Alkylating Agents
		Pharmacotherapy with Alkylating Agents
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Cyclophosphamide (Procytox)
		Antimetabolites
		Pharmacotherapy with Antimetabolites
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Methotrexate
		Antitumour Antibiotics
		Pharmacotherapy with Antitumour Antibiotics
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)
		Plant-Derived Antineoplastic Agents
		Pharmacotherapy with Plant-Derived Antineoplastic Agents
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Vincristine
		Antitumour Hormones and Hormone Antagonists
		Pharmacotherapy with Antitumour Hormones and Hormone Antagonists
			Selective Estrogen Receptor Modifiers
			Aromatase Inhibitors
			Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogues
			Androgen Receptor Blockers
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Tamoxifen (Nolvadex)
		Biological Response Modifiers and Miscelaneous Antineoplastics
		Pharmacotherapy with Biological Response Modifiers and Miscellaneous Antineoplastics
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Chemotherapy in Older Adults
Unit 13: Additional Drug Classes
	Chapter 61: Pharmacotherapy of Bone and Joint Disorders
		Normal Calcium Physiology and Vitamin D
		Calcium-Related Disorders
		Pharmacotherapy of Hypocalcemia
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Calcium Gluconate
		Pharmacotherapy of Osteomalacia
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Calcitriol (Calcijex, Rocaltrol)
		Pharmacotherapy of Osteoporosis
			Hormone Replacement Therapy
			Calcitonin
			Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Special Considerations The Impact of Ethnicity and Lifestyle on Osteoporosis
			Prototype Drug: Raloxifene (Evista)
			Bisphosphonates
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Etidronate (Didronel)
		Pharmacotherapy of Paget’s Disease
		Joint Disorders
			Connections: Natural Therapies Glucosamine and Chondroitin for Osteoarthritis
		Pharmacotherapy of Arthritis
			Prototype Drug: Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil)
		Pharmacotherapy of Gout
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Colchicine
	Chapter 62: Pharmacotherapy of Dermatological Disorders
		Structure and Function of the Skin
		Causes of Skin Disorders
		Skin Infections
		Pharmacotherapy of Bacterial, Fungal, and Viral Skin Infections
		Skin Parasites
		Pharmacotherapy with Scabicides and Pediculicides
			Connections: Special Considerations Psychosocial and CommUnity Impact of Scabies and Pediculosis
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: 1%–5% Permethrin (Nix, Kwellada-P)
		Sunburn and Minor Burns
		Pharmacotherapy of Sunburn and Minor Skin Irritation
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Lidocaine (Xylocaine, Lidoderm, Betacaine)
		Acne and Rosacea
		Pharmacotherapy of Acne and Acne-Related Disorders
			Nursing Considerations
			Connections: Natural Therapies Burdock Root for Acne and Eczema
			Prototype Drug: Isotretinoin (Accutane)
		Dermatitis
		Pharmacotherapy of Dermatitis
		Psoriasis
		Pharmacotherapy of Psoriasis
	Chapter 63: Pharmacotherapy of Eye and Ear Disorders
		Anatomy of the Eye
		Glaucoma
		Types of Glaucoma
		General Treatment of Glaucoma
		Pharmacotherapy of Glaucoma
			Cholinergic Agonists
			Non-Selective Adrenergics
			Prostaglandins
			Beta-Adrenergic Blockers
			Alpha2-Adrenergic Agonists
			Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
			Osmotic Diuretics
			Nursing Considerations
			Prototype Drug: Latanoprost (Xalatan)
			Connections: Lifespan Considerations Ophthalmic Drugs in the Home Setting
			Prototype Drug: Timolol (Timoptic)
		Pharmacotherapy for Eye Exams and Minor Eye Conditions
		Ear Conditions
			Connections: Natural Therapies Bilberry for Eye Health
		Pharmacotherapy with Otic Preparations
			Nursing Considerations
	Chapter 64: Toxicology, Bioterrorism, and Emergency Preparedness
		Preventing and Controling Toxicity
		Toxicology
		Management of Poisoning
		Effectiveness of Activated Charcoal in Poisoning
			Prototype Drug: Activated Charcoal
		Emergency Preparedness
		The Nature of Bioterrorism
		Role of the Nurse in Emergency Preparedness
		National Emergency Stockpile System
		Agents Used in Bioterorism
		Biological Agents
		Viruses
		Toxic Chemical and Physical Agents
		Ionizing Radiation
Appendix A: Answers to Chapter Review
Appendix B: Suggested Answers to Critical Thinking Questions in Chapter Scenarios
Glossary
Selected Bibliography and References
Index
Back Cover