Pharmaceutical Applications of Supramolecules

Cover
Half Title
Pharmaceutical Applications of Supramolecules
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
About this Book
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1. Supramolecules in Pharmaceutical Science: A Brief Overview
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Recent Development of Supramolecules in Pharmaceutical Science
	1.3 Conclusions
	References
2. Basic Strategy and Methods of Preparation for Supramolecules
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Role of Non-covalent Interactions in the Preparation of Supramolecules
		2.2.1 Electrostatic Interactions
		2.2.2 The π-Interactions
		2.2.3 The van der Waals Forces
		2.2.4 Hydrophobic Interactions
	2.3 Supramolecular Synthons
	2.4 Common Strategies Used in the Formation of Supramolecular Structures Based on the Non-covalent Supramolecular Interactions
		2.4.1 Supramolecular Synthesis Based on Hydrogen (H) Bonding
		2.4.2 Supramolecular Synthesis Based on Halogen Bonding
		2.4.3 Supramolecular Synthesis Based on Coordination Bonding
		2.4.4 Template-Directed Supramolecular Synthesis
		2.4.5 Supramolecular Synthesis Based on Functionalization of Groups
		2.4.6 Supramolecular Synthesis Based on Self-Assembling
	2.5 Preparation of Supramolecules Through Host-Guest Interactions
		2.5.1 Charge-Transfer Interaction Through Donor (D) and Acceptor (A) Molecules
		2.5.2 Hydrophobic Interaction
		2.5.3 Molecular Recognition: Molecular Complementarity
		2.5.4 Chelate and Template Effects
	2.6 Supramolecular Synthesis Based on Green Methods
	2.7 Preparation of Supramolecules via Crystallization Methods
	2.8 Construction of Supramolecules Using Electrochemical Methods
	2.9 Preparation of Supramolecular Systems Involving Solid-State Chemistry
	2.10 Preparation of Supramolecular Polymeric Materials Based on Non-covalent Interactions
		2.10.1 Supramolecular Polymerization Based on H-Bonding
		2.10.2 Supramolecular Polymerization Based on Metal Coordination
		2.10.3 Supramolecular Polymerization on Account of Host-Guest Interactions
		2.10.4 Supramolecular Polymerization Based on Donor-Acceptor Interactions
		2.10.5 Supramolecular Polymerization Based on Ionic Interactions
	2.11 Synthesis of Supramolecules Based on Nanoparticles (SNPs)
	2.12 Summary and Outlook
	References
3. Research and Development of Supramolecules as Anticancer Drugs
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Kind of Supramolecules for Cancer Therapy
		3.2.1 Supramolecules Based on Molecular Assembly
		3.2.2 Supramolecules Based on Molecular Recognition
		3.2.3 Supramolecules Based on Molecular Association
		3.2.4 Metal-Based Supramolecules
	3.3 Role of Supramolecules in Enhancement of Solubility and Permeability
	3.4 Pharmacokinetic Consideration of Anticancer Supramolecules
	3.5 Biological Barriers for the Supramolecule Delivery
	3.6 Functionality of Supramolecules for Targeted Drug Delivery System
	3.7 Regulatory Consideration of Supramolecules
	3.8 Conclusions
	References
4. Research and Development of Liquid-Crystalline Supramolecular Assemblies as Anticancer Drugs
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 The Liquid Crystals
	4.3 Anti-proliferative Potential of Thermotropic LCs Against Solid Cancers
		4.3.1 Phenylpyrimidine Derivatives Possessing a Polyhydroxy Unit
		4.3.2 Cyanobiphenyl Derivative Possessing a Terminal Hydroxy Group
		4.3.3 Phenyl Benzoate Derivative Possessing a Terminal Hydroxy Group
		4.3.4 Effects of Liquid Crystallinity on the Anti-proliferative Activity
		4.3.5 Selective Anti-proliferative Effect
	4.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
5. Progressive Approach of Supramolecules Towards the Advancement of Antimicrobial Drugs
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Fundamentals of Supramolecular Chemistry, Molecular Assembly and Factors Influencing Supramolecular Assembly
	5.3 Monomorphic Peptide Nanofibers as Antimicrobial Agents
	5.4 Self-Assembled Supramolecular Nanofibrillar Nets as Antimicrobial Agents
	5.5 Supramolecular Peptide Nanoribbons as Antimicrobial Agents
	5.6 Supramolecular Peptide Nanotube-Based Antimicrobial Agents
	5.7 Supramolecular Hydrogels as Antimicrobial Agents
		5.7.1 Peptide-Based Supramolecular Hydrogels as Antimicrobial Agents
		5.7.2 Metal Nanoparticles-Polymer-Based Composite Supramolecular Hydrogels as Antimicrobial Agents
	5.8 Supramolecular Macrocycles as Antimicrobial Agents
	5.9 Supramolecular Biosensors Enabling Enhanced Detection of Microbial Diseases
	5.10 Conclusions
	References
6. Promising Functional Supramolecules in Antiviral Drugs
	6.1 Introduction to Functional Supramolecules
		6.1.1 Properties of Supramolecules
	6.2 Mechanism of Viral Pathogenicity
		6.2.1 Life Cycle of Viruses
			6.2.1.1 Entry and Recognition
			6.2.1.2 Modes of Entry
			6.2.1.3 Conformational Changes
			6.2.1.4 Targeting Uncoating Step
			6.2.1.5 Pathogenesis
	6.3 Functional Supramolecular Systems
	6.4 Viral Diseases
		6.4.1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
			6.4.1.1 HIV Antiviral Therapy
		6.4.2 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
		6.4.3 Hepatitis Virus
		6.4.4 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)
	6.5 Antiviral Therapeutics
		6.5.1 Supramolecules as Antiviral Agents
	6.6 Challenges in Antiviral Therapy
	6.7 Conclusions
	References
7. Role of Supramolecules in Anti-inflammatory Drugs
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Supramolecules as Pharmaceutical Agents
	7.3 Role of Supramolecules in Anti-inflammatory Drugs
		7.3.1 Metallo-supramolecular Complexes as Anti-inflammatory Agents
		7.3.2 Cyclodextrin-Based Anti-inflammatory Supramolecular Complexes
		7.3.3 Hydrogels-Based Anti-inflammatory Supramolecular Complexes
	7.4 Conclusions
	References
8. Recent Advancements of Supramolecules in the Evolution of Cardiovascular Drugs
	8.1 Cardiovascular Diseases
		8.1.1 Common Types of Cardiovascular Disorders
		8.1.2 Current Treatment Methods for Cardiovascular Diseases
	8.2 Supramolecular Nanomaterials
		8.2.1 DNA Origami
		8.2.2 Peptides and Peptide Amphiphiles
		8.2.3 Metal and Polymeric Nanoparticles
		8.2.4 Nanotubes
		8.2.5 Electrospun Nanofibers
	8.3 Supramolecular Nanomaterials for Cardiovascular Disease Management
		8.3.1 Cardiac Muscle Regeneration
		8.3.2 Stent Functionalization
		8.3.3 Imaging
		8.3.4 Drug Delivery
	8.4 Conclusions
	References
9. Development of Supramolecules in the Field of Nanomedicines
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Principles of Supramolecular Aggregation
	9.3 Formulation Strategies of Supramolecular Nanomedicine
	9.4 Supramolecule-Based Nanomedicine
		9.4.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles
		9.4.2 Polymeric Core-Shell Nanomedicine
		9.4.3 Lipoidal Supramolecular Nanomedicine
		9.4.4 Supramolecular Micelles
		9.4.5 Supramolecular Nanofibers
		9.4.6 Nanovesicles
		9.4.7 Supramolecular Nanodevices
		9.4.8 Stimuli-Response Supramolecular Nanomedicine
			9.4.8.1 pH-Responsive Supramolecular Nanomedicine
			9.4.8.2 Temperature-Responsive Supramolecular Nanomedicine
			9.4.8.3 Redox-Responsive Supramolecular Nanomedicine
		9.4.9 Supramolecular Nanomedicine-Based Host-Guest System
	9.5 Release Kinetics Modeling from Supramolecular Drug Delivery System
	9.6 Supramolecular Drug Challenge to Overcome Drug Resistance in Tumor Cells
	9.7 Conclusions
	References
10. Supramolecular Self-Assembled Peptide-Based Nanostructures and Their Applications in Biomedicine
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Synthesis of Peptides
	10.3 Factors Responsible for Self-Assembly of Peptide
		10.3.1 Non-covalent Interactions
			10.3.1.1 Hydrogen (H)-Bonding
			10.3.1.2 π-π Interactions
			10.3.1.3 Hydrophobic Interactions
			10.3.1.4 Electrostatic Interactions
			10.3.1.5 Van der Waals Interactions
		10.3.2 Effects of Stimuli and Environmental Conditions
			10.3.2.1 pH-Responsive Peptide Self-Assembly
			10.3.2.2 Thermo-Responsive Peptide Self-Assembly
			10.3.2.3 Light-Responsive Peptide Self-Assembly
			10.3.2.4 Ionic Strength-Dependent Peptide Self-Assembly
			10.3.2.5 Solvent-Dependent Peptide Self-Assembly
			10.3.2.6 Metal Ion-Induced Peptide Self-Assembly
			10.3.2.7 Concentration-Dependent Peptide Self-Assembly
	10.4 Biomedical Applications
		10.4.1 Drug Delivery
		10.4.2 Antibacterial Agents
		10.4.3 Tissue Engineering
		10.4.4 Vaccination
		10.4.5 Neurodegenerative Diseases
		10.4.6 Other Vital Applications
	10.5 Conclusions
	References
11. Recent Advancement of Supramolecules in the Field of Bioimaging
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Supramolecular Hydrogels as Bioimaging Probes
	11.3 Host-Guest Chemistry in Bioimaging
		11.3.1 Avidin-Biotin
		11.3.2 Cyclodextrins
		11.3.3 Calixarenes
		11.3.4 Pillararene
		11.3.5 Cucurbituril
	11.4 Conclusions
	References
12. Role of Supramolecules in Vaccine Development
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 History of Vaccine Development
	12.3 Classification
	12.4 Vaccines Based on Peptide Self-Assembly
		12.4.1 Vaccines for Cellular Immunity Based on Self-Assembled Peptides
		12.4.2 Humoral Immunity Vaccines Based on the Self-Assembled Peptide
	12.5 Supramolecular-Based Nanostructures in Vaccines
	12.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook
	References
13. Supramolecules: Future Challenges and Perspectives
	13.1 Supramolecular Polymers
	13.2 Molecular Machines and Motors
	13.3 Molecular Sensors
	13.4 Combination of Photodynamic Therapy
	13.5 Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry
	13.6 Conclusions
	References