Petroleum Refining Designs and Applications

Content: Cover
 Title Page
 Copyright Page
 Contents
 Preface
 Acknowledgments
 About the Author
 1 Introduction
 References
 2 Composition of Crude Oils and Petroleum Products
 2.1 Hydrocarbons
 2.1.1 Alkynes Series
 2.2 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
 2.3 Heteroatomic Organic Compounds
 2.3.1 Non-Hydrocarbons
 2.3.2 Sulfur Compounds
 2.4 Thiols
 2.5 Oxygen Compounds
 2.6 Nitrogen Compounds
 2.7 Resins and Asphaltenes
 2.8 Salts
 2.9 Carbon Dioxide
 2.10 Metallic Compounds
 2.11 Products Composition
 2.11.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) (C3 and C4)
 2.11.2 Gasoline (C5 to C11). 2.11.3 Condensate (C4, C5 and C6>
)2.11.4 Gas Fuel Oils (C12 to C19)
 2.11.5 Kerosene
 2.11.6 Diesel Fuel
 2.11.7 Fuel Oils # 4, 5, and 6
 2.11.8 Residual Fuel Oil
 2.11.9 Natural Gas
 References
 3 Characterization of Petroleum and Petroleum Fractions
 3.1 Introduction
 3.1.1 Crude Oil Properties
 3.1.2 Gravity, API
 3.1.3 Boiling Point Range
 3.1.4 Characterization Factor
 3.1.5 The Universal Oil Product Characterization factor, KUOP
 3.1.6 Carbon Residue, wt%
 3.1.7 Nitrogen Content, wt%
 3.1.8 Sulfur Content, wt%
 3.1.9 Total Acid Number (TAN)
 3.1.10 Salt Content, pounds/1000 barrels. 3.1.11 Metals, parts/million (ppm) by weight3.1.12 Pour Point (°F or °C)
 3.2 Crude Oil Assay Data
 3.2.1 Whole crude oil average properties
 3.2.2 Fractional properties
 3.3 Crude Cutting Analysis
 3.4 Crude Oil Blending
 3.5 Laboratory Testing of Crude Oils
 3.5.1 True Boiling Point (TBP) Curve
 3.5.2 ASTM D86 Distillation
 3.5.3 Boiling Points
 3.5.4 Conversion Between ASTM and TBP Distillation
 3.5.5 Petroleum Pseudo-Components
 3.5.6 Pseudo-Component Normal Boiling Points
 3.5.7 ASTM D1160 Distillation
 3.5.8 Determination of ASTM IBP, 10%, 20-90% Points of Blend. 3.5.9 ASTM 10-90% Points3.5.10 Initial Boiling Point Determination
 3.5.11 ASTM End Point of Blend
 3.5.12 Flash Point
 3.5.13 Flash Point, °F, as a Function of Average Boiling Point
 3.5.14 Smoke Point of Kerosenes
 3.5.15 Luminometer Number
 3.5.16 Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP)
 3.5.17 Vapor Pressure of Narrow Hydrocarbon Cuts
 3.6 Octanes
 3.7 Cetanes
 3.7.1 Cetane Index
 3.8 Diesel Index
 3.9 Determination of the Lower Heating Value of Petroleum Fractions
 3.10 Aniline Point Blending
 3.11 Correlation Index (CI)
 3.12 Chromatographically Simulated Distillations
 References. 4 Thermodynamic Properties of Petroleum and Petroleum Fractions4.1 K-Factor Hydrocarbon Equilibrium Charts
 4.2 Non-Ideal Systems
 4.3 Vapor Pressure
 4.3.1 Vapor Pressure Determination using the Clausius-Clapeyron and the Antoine Equations
 4.4 Viscosity
 4.4.1 Conversion to Saybolt Universal Viscosity
 4.4.2 Conversion to Saybolt Furol Viscosity
 4.4.3 Equivalents of Kinematic (cSt), Saybolt Universal (SUS), and Dynamic viscosity
 4.4.4 Viscosity of Liquid Hydrocarbons
 4.4.5 Gas Viscosity
 4.5 Refractive Index
 4.6 Liquid Density
 4.6.1 Gas Density
 4.7 Molecular Weight.