Petroleum Engineering Handbook General Engineering

1.1 Introduction......Page 8
1.3 Vibration Theory......Page 13
1.4 Wave Propagation......Page 15
1.5 Wave Behavior......Page 16
1.7 Boundary and Initial Conditions......Page 18
1.8 Mechanical Vibration Analysis......Page 19
1.9 SDOF System......Page 20
1.10 Two-Degree-of-Freedom (2DOF) Systems......Page 31
1.11 Continuous Systems......Page 41
1.12 Wave Reflection From Various Geometric Boundaries......Page 43
Nomenclature......Page 44
References......Page 46
Suggested Reading......Page 47
Appendix—Glossary of Vibration Theory Terms......Page 49
2.2 Partial Differential Equations......Page 52
2.3 Vector Analysis......Page 58
2.4 Numerical Methods......Page 61
2.5 Matrices and Linear Algebra......Page 64
2.6 Diagonalizing the Permeability Tensor......Page 69
2.7 Rotational Transformation of a 2 × 2 Permeability Tensor......Page 76
Nomenclature......Page 81
References......Page 82
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 83
3.1 Introduction......Page 84
3.2 Bessel Functions......Page 89
3.3 Laplace Transformation......Page 93
3.4 Green’s Functions and Source Functions......Page 107
Nomenclature......Page 175
References......Page 178
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 179
4.1 Introduction......Page 180
4.2 General Guidelines for Setting Up a Sampling Program......Page 181
4.3 Reservoir-Fluid Type......Page 187
4.4 Well Conditioning......Page 188
4.5 Selection and Preparation of Sampling Equipment......Page 190
4.6 Pressurized Hydrocarbon Fluid-Sampling Procedures......Page 191
4.7 Nonpressurized Hydrocarbon Fluid-Sampling Procedures......Page 203
4.8 Oilfield Waters......Page 206
4.9 Sampling-Data Measurement and Recording......Page 209
4.10 Quality Control of Samples......Page 212
4.11 Hazards......Page 217
4.12 Special Topics in Fluid Sampling......Page 218
4.13 Conclusions......Page 220
References......Page 221
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 222
5.2 Ideal Gas......Page 224
5.3 Critical Temperature and Pressure......Page 225
5.4 Specific Gravity (Relative Density)......Page 226
5.6 Specific Gravity of Gas Mixtures......Page 227
5.8 Amagat’s Law......Page 228
5.10 Real-Gas Law......Page 230
5.12 Isothermal Compressibility of Gases......Page 240
5.13 Gas Viscosity......Page 243
5.15 Vapor Pressure......Page 248
5.16 Further Example Problems......Page 251
Nomenclature......Page 260
References......Page 262
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 263
6.1 Introduction......Page 264
6.2 Crude Oil Characterization......Page 266
6.3 Bubblepoint Pressure......Page 268
6.4 Nonhydrocarbon Gas Effects......Page 277
6.6 Formation Volume Factor......Page 280
6.7 Isothermal Compressibility......Page 282
6.9 Viscosity......Page 284
6.10 Surface Tension......Page 288
6.11 Water-Hydrocarbon Surface Tension......Page 295
Nomenclature......Page 311
References......Page 313
Conversion Factors......Page 316
Appendix......Page 317
7.2 Fundamental Ideas and Problem Statement......Page 340
7.3 Fundamental Equations......Page 344
7.4 Volumetric Properties of Pure Fluids......Page 357
7.5 Volumetric Properties of Mixtures......Page 371
7.6 Characterization of In-Situ Fluids......Page 373
Nomenclature......Page 374
References......Page 375
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 376
8.2 Phase Diagrams for a Single Component......Page 378
8.3 The Phase Rule......Page 379
8.4 Binary Phase Diagrams......Page 380
8.5 Ternary Phase Diagrams......Page 383
8.6 Quaternary Phase Diagrams......Page 387
8.7 Reservoir Fluid Systems......Page 388
8.8 Phase Diagrams for EOR Processes......Page 391
Nomenclature......Page 401
References......Page 402
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 403
9.1 Introduction......Page 404
9.2 Characteristics of Asphaltenes and Waxes......Page 407
9.3 Experimental Measurements of Asphaltene Precipitation......Page 415
9.4 Thermodynamic Models for Asphaltene Precipitation......Page 419
9.5 Asphaltene Deposition and Plugging......Page 429
9.6 Remedial Treatment for Asphaltene Precipitation......Page 436
9.7 Experimental Analysis of Wax Characteristics of Petroleum Fluids......Page 437
9.8 Thermodynamic Models for Wax Precipitation......Page 439
9.9 Wax-Deposition Models......Page 456
9.10 Prevention and Remediation of Wax Precipitation......Page 459
Nomenclature......Page 461
References......Page 464
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 471
10.1 History of Produced Water in Oil and Gas Fields......Page 472
10.2 Primary Production......Page 475
10.3 Economics of Produced Water......Page 476
10.4 Scale Deposition and Corrosion......Page 478
10.5 Drillstem or Downhole Water Sampling......Page 479
10.6 Compressibility......Page 485
10.7 Density......Page 486
10.8 Formation Volume Factor......Page 489
10.11 Viscosity......Page 491
10.12 The pH......Page 493
10.13 The Redox Potential......Page 496
10.15 Organic Constituents......Page 497
10.16 The Mixing-Line Technique......Page 499
Nomenclature......Page 501
References......Page 502
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 504
11.1 Introduction......Page 506
11.2 Phase Definitions and the Gibbs Phase Rule......Page 507
11.3 Equilibrium of H2O + Hydrocarbon Systems Without Hydrates......Page 508
11.4 Equilibrium of an H2O + Hydrocarbon System With Hydrates......Page 513
11.5 Conclusions......Page 534
Nomenclature......Page 536
References......Page 537
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 538
12.1 Introduction......Page 540
12.2 Stability of Emulsions......Page 547
12.3 Demulsification......Page 557
12.4 Special Topics in Crude Oil Emulsions......Page 567
Nomenclature......Page 573
References......Page 574
12.A1 Notes......Page 576
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 577
13.1 Introduction......Page 578
13.2 Rocks: Minerals Plus Pores......Page 580
13.3 Density and Porosity......Page 584
13.4 Fluid Properties......Page 592
13.5 Elasticity, Stress-Strain, and Elastic Waves......Page 601
13.6 Rock Failure Relationships......Page 647
13.7 Gamma Ray Characteristics......Page 673
Nomenclature......Page 679
References......Page 682
General References......Page 687
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 692
14.1 Introduction......Page 694
14.2 Petrologic Controls......Page 695
14.3 Corrections to Core Measurements......Page 703
14.4 Petrophysical Models......Page 708
14.5 Statistical Approaches and Reservoir Zonation......Page 725
14.6 Discussion......Page 727
14.7 Practical Applications......Page 729
Nomenclature......Page 730
References......Page 731
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 733
15.1 Introduction......Page 734
15.2 Observations of Capillary Pressure Relationships......Page 735
15.3 Capillary Pressure Models......Page 741
15.4 Observations of Relative Permeability Relationships......Page 743
15.5 Relative Permeability Models......Page 753
15.6 Measurement of Rock/Fluid Relationships......Page 759
15.7 Trends and Cautions in Rock/Fluid Properties......Page 766
Nomenclature......Page 767
References......Page 769
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 772
16.1 Introduction......Page 774
16.2 Economic Model for Oil and Gas Property Evaluation......Page 775
16.3 Time Value of Money......Page 782
16.4 Key Economic Parameters......Page 786
16.5 Recommended Practices for Economic Calculations......Page 789
16.6 Risk Analysis for Oil and Gas Property Evaluation......Page 790
16.7 The Next Frontier......Page 799
Nomenclature......Page 811
References......Page 812
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 814
17.2 History of International Oil and Gas Development......Page 816
17.3 Interests in Petroleum Properties......Page 818
17.4 Considerations in Conducting Operations in International Projects......Page 821
17.5 Joint Operating Agreement......Page 826
17.6 Marketing Arrangements......Page 827
17.7 Abandonment......Page 829
17.8 Dispute Resolution......Page 830
17.9 International Law and Legal Systems......Page 834
References......Page 836
18.2 Energy Options......Page 838
18.3 Energy Forecast......Page 841
18.4 Changing Industry Policy......Page 844
18.6 Implications for Engineers......Page 845
References......Page 846
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 847