Petroleum Engineering Handbook

1.1 Introduction......Page 8
1.2 Stress, Pore Pressure, and Effective Stress......Page 9
1.3 Rock Properties......Page 19
1.4 Elastic Wellbore Stress Concentration......Page 26
1.5 Determining Stress Orientation......Page 35
1.6 Building the Geomechanical Model......Page 42
1.7 Predicting Wellbore Stability......Page 60
1.8 Other Models for Wellbore Stability......Page 72
1.9 Making Decisions in Real Time......Page 84
Nomenclature......Page 87
References......Page 89
General References......Page 91
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 94
2.1 Introduction......Page 96
2.2 Basic Functions of a Drilling Fluid......Page 97
2.3 Types of Drilling Fluids......Page 99
2.4 Drilling-Fluids Testing......Page 103
2.5 Challenges Related to Drilling Fluid......Page 106
2.6 Special Drilling Situations......Page 112
2.7 Environmental Considerations......Page 114
2.8 Solids Control and Waste Management......Page 120
References......Page 123
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 125
3.2 Overview......Page 126
3.3 Governing Equations......Page 127
3.4 Key Considerations for Wellbore Hydraulic Simulation......Page 129
3.6 Flowing Wellbore Pressure Solutions......Page 130
3.7 General Steady Flow Wellbore Pressure Solutions......Page 132
3.8 Calculating Pressures in a Wellbore......Page 134
3.9 Surge Pressure Prediction......Page 135
3.10 Fluid Friction......Page 141
3.11 Dynamic Pressure Prediction......Page 158
3.12 Cuttings Transport......Page 162
3.13 Sample Calculations......Page 177
Nomenclature......Page 181
References......Page 184
General References......Page 185
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 190
4.1 Introduction to Kicks......Page 192
4.3 Shut-In Procedures......Page 197
4.4 Obtaining and Interpreting Shut-In Pressures......Page 200
4.5 Kick Identification......Page 204
4.6 Kill-Weight Mud Calculation......Page 205
4.7 Well-Control Procedures......Page 207
4.8 Choosing the Best Method......Page 209
4.9 Variables Affecting Kill Procedures......Page 213
4.10 Implementation of the One-Circulation Method......Page 217
4.11 Nonconventional Well-Control Procedures......Page 224
General References......Page 225
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 226
5.2 Roller-Cone Drill Bits......Page 228
5.3 PDC Drill Bits......Page 246
References......Page 270
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 271
6.1 Introduction to Directional Drilling......Page 272
6.2 Directional-Well Profiles......Page 273
6.3 Directional Survey......Page 279
6.4 BHA Design for Directional Control......Page 285
References......Page 291
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 293
7.2 Casing......Page 294
7.5 Pipe Strength......Page 295
7.6 API Connection Ratings......Page 306
7.9 Casing and Tubing Buckling......Page 310
7.10 Loads on Casing and Tubing Strings......Page 317
7.12 Internal Pressure Loads......Page 318
7.13 Mechanical Loads......Page 321
7.14 Thermal Loads and Temperature Effects......Page 323
7.17 Design Method......Page 324
7.19 Preliminary Design......Page 325
7.20 Detailed Design......Page 329
7.21 Sample Design Calculations......Page 330
7.22 Arctic Well Completions......Page 333
7.23 Risk-Based Casing Design......Page 337
Nomenclature......Page 342
General References......Page 345
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 349
8.1 Drilling a Well on Land......Page 350
8.2 Drilling a Well Offshore From a Jackup Drilling Rig Using Mudline Suspension Equipment......Page 356
8.3 The Unitized Wellhead......Page 361
8.4 Drilling a Well Subsea......Page 365
8.6 Summary......Page 371
General References......Page 374
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 375
9.1 Cementing Operations......Page 376
9.2 Well Parameters......Page 377
9.3 Cement-Placement Design......Page 378
9.4 Remedial Cementing......Page 381
9.5 Hole Preparation......Page 386
9.6 Cement Composition......Page 389
9.7 Cement Hydration......Page 397
9.8 Slurry Design......Page 401
9.9 Additives......Page 403
9.10 Water-Insoluble Materials......Page 413
9.11 Water-Soluble Materials......Page 414
9.12 Slurry-Design Testing......Page 418
9.13 Cementing Hardware......Page 419
General References......Page 434
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 438
10.2 Pipe Sticking......Page 440
10.3 Loss of Circulation......Page 444
10.4 Hole Deviation......Page 446
10.5 Drillpipe Failures......Page 447
10.6 Borehole Instability......Page 448
10.7 Mud Contamination......Page 451
10.8 Producing Formation Damage......Page 452
10.9 Hole Cleaning......Page 454
10.10 Hydrogen-Sulfide-Bearing Zones and Shallow Gas......Page 456
10.11 Equipment and Personnel-Related Problems......Page 457
References......Page 458
General References......Page 459
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 461
11.1 Well Planning......Page 462
11.2 Data Collection......Page 466
11.3 Casing Setting-Depth Selection......Page 480
11.4 Hole-Geometry Selection......Page 492
11.5 Preparation of Authority for Expenditures (AFE)......Page 500
General References......Page 524
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 525
12.1 What is Underbalanced Drilling?......Page 526
12.2 Drilling Fluid Systems......Page 535
12.3 Downhole Equipment for UBD Operations......Page 550
General References......Page 571
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 576
13.1 Introduction......Page 578
13.2 Offshore......Page 579
13.3 Onshore......Page 583
13.4 Materials......Page 587
13.5 Microsystems......Page 591
Acknowledgments......Page 593
References......Page 594
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 595
14.1 Introduction......Page 596
14.2 History and Evolution......Page 597
14.3 Rig Types, Designs, and Capabilities......Page 609
14.4 Other Considerations......Page 626
14.5 Classification, Registration, and Regulations......Page 643
14.6 Relationship Between the Drilling Contractor and Operator......Page 645
14.7 Picking the Right Unit for the Job......Page 646
14.8 The Future......Page 649
Acknowledgments......Page 650
Acronyms and Definitions......Page 651
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 652
15.2 Surface-Data Sensors......Page 654
15.3 MWD and LWD Applications......Page 659
15.4 Drilling-Data Management and Reporting......Page 678
References......Page 685
General References......Page 686
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 692
16.1 Birth of Coiled-Tubing (CT) Technology......Page 694
16.2 Modern CT Technology......Page 696
16.3 CT Equipment Design......Page 697
16.4 Coiled Tubing......Page 713
16.5 CT Performance......Page 715
16.6 Commonly Used Bend-Cycle Fatigue Derating Methods......Page 725
16.7 CT Management......Page 729
16.8 CT Applications......Page 730
16.9 Coiled Tubing Drilling......Page 734
References......Page 746
General References......Page 747
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 749