Petroleum engineering handbook

EDITOR......Page 1
COPYRIGT......Page 2
PREFACE......Page 3
ACKNOWL......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 13
01......Page 23
The Metric System......Page 90
British and U.S. Systems......Page 91
Standards......Page 92
Relative Density and Density......Page 102
Casing......Page 103
Tubing......Page 140
Equations for Calculating Performance Properties of Casing, Tubing, and Line Pipe......Page 148
API Threading Data......Page 166
Nomenclature......Page 175
References......Page 176
API Flanged or Clamped Wellhead Equipment......Page 177
Flow Control Devices:  Safety Shut-In Systems......Page 194
Other Flow-Control Devices......Page 210
Corrosion......Page 211
Special Application......Page 212
Independent Screwed Wellhead......Page 215
General References......Page 216
Packer Utilization And Constraints......Page 217
Considerations For Packer Selection......Page 220
Tubing Response Characteristics......Page 222
References......Page 227
Gas Fundamentals as Applied to Gas Lift......Page 228
Gas Lift Valve Mechanics......Page 230
Continuous-Flow Gas Lift......Page 239
Intermittent Gas Lift......Page 248
Unloading Procedures and Proper Adjustment of Injection Gas Rate......Page 265
Nomenclature......Page 280
References......Page 284
Downhole Pumps......Page 285
Principles of Operation Reciprocating Pumps......Page 286
Jet Pumps......Page 292
Nomenclature......Page 317
Appendix A - Fluid Properties......Page 346
Appendix B - Friction Relationships......Page 352
References......Page 355
Applications......Page 356
Selection Data and Methods......Page 358
Handling, Installation, and Operation......Page 367
References......Page 369
General References......Page 372
Introduction......Page 373
Pump Selection......Page 374
Plungers......Page 376
Slippage Past Plungers......Page 377
Soft-Packed Plungers......Page 378
Double Valves......Page 379
Three-Tube Pump......Page 380
Corrosion......Page 381
References......Page 382
Steel Sucker Rods......Page 383
Fiberglass Sucker Rods......Page 392
General Reference......Page 396
Pumping Units......Page 397
Pumping Unit Loading......Page 401
Counterbalance......Page 402
Installation......Page 403
Lubrication......Page 408
Changing the Oil......Page 409
Internal-Combustion Engines......Page 410
Electric Motors for Oilwell Pumping......Page 415
References......Page 433
Types of Storage Tanks......Page 434
Tank Corrosion Protection......Page 437
Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks......Page 439
Production Equipment......Page 442
Vapor Losses......Page 444
Vapor Control and Gravity Conservation With Storage Tanks......Page 445
Underground Storage......Page 446
General References......Page 447
Introduction......Page 448
Primary Functions of Oil and Gas Separators......Page 450
Secondary Functions of Oil and Gas Separators......Page 451
Special Problems in Oil and Gas Separation......Page 453
Methods Used To Remove Oil From Gas in Separators......Page 455
Mist Extractors Used in Oil and Gas Separators......Page 458
Estimated Quality of Separated Fluids......Page 460
Classification of Oil and Gas Separators......Page 463
Centrifugal Oil and Gas Separators and Gas Scrubbers......Page 467
Estimating the Sizes and Capacities of Oil and Separators......Page 468
Computer Sizing of Oil and Gas Separators......Page 472
Capacity Curves for Vertical and Horizontal Oil and Gas Separators......Page 474
Stage Separation of Oil and Gas......Page 479
Selection and Application of Separators and Scrubbers......Page 482
Construction Codes for Oil and Gas Separators......Page 485
Controls, Valves,  Accessories, and Safety Features for Oil and Gas Separators......Page 486
Nomenclature......Page 489
General References......Page 490
Gas Measurement......Page 492
Regulation......Page 540
General References......Page 550
Low-Temperature Separation (LTS) Systems......Page 551
Gas-Treating Systems for Removal of Water Vapor, CO2, and H2S......Page 567
References......Page 572
Piping System Design......Page 573
Selecting Pumps and Drivers......Page 586
Separating Suspended Solids From Heater......Page 590
Treating Hydrocarbons From Water......Page 593
Dissolved Gas RemovalDissolved Solids Removal......Page 600
Process Selection and Project Management......Page 602
Project Control......Page 604
References......Page 605
Introduction......Page 607
Automatic Production-Control Equipment......Page 608
Production Safety Controls......Page 610
Automatic Quantitative Measurement......Page 611
Gas Measurement......Page 612
Net-oil Computer......Page 613
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems......Page 614
Typical Automatic-Control Installations......Page 616
LACT......Page 618
General References......Page 622
Procedure for Typical Measuring, Sampling, and Testing......Page 624
Abstract of API Manual......Page 626
References......Page 631
Historical Review......Page 632
Offshore Drilling......Page 634
Field Operations......Page 648
Special Considerations......Page 651
Structures......Page 653
Offshore Production Operations......Page 658
Artic......Page 669
Electrical, Instrumentation and control Systems......Page 674
References......Page 683
Theories of Emulsions......Page 684
Methods Used in Treating Crude Oil Emulsions......Page 689
Emulsion-Treating Equipment and Systems......Page 698
Description of Equipment Used in Treating Crude Oil Emulsions......Page 699
Operational Considerations for Emulsion-Treating Equipment......Page 711
Economics of Treating Crude Oil Emulsions......Page 715
General References......Page 716
Ideal Gas......Page 718
Critical Temperature and Pressure......Page 719
Principle of Corresponding States......Page 721
Equations of State......Page 723
Van der Waals' Equation......Page 724
Viscosity Correlations......Page 726
Natural Gasoline Content of Gas......Page 727
Vapor Pressure......Page 728
Cox Chart......Page 729
Example Problems......Page 730
Nomenclature......Page 734
References......Page 735
Base of Crude Oil......Page 736
Physical Properties......Page 738
True-Boiling Point Crude-Oil Analyses......Page 743
Bubblepoint Pressure Correlations*......Page 744
Dewpoint-Pressure Correlations......Page 745
Sage and Old's Correlation......Page 746
Total Formation Volume Correlations......Page 750
References......Page 755
Introduction......Page 756
Oil Density Determination......Page 757
Bubblepoint-Pressure Correlations......Page 760
Solution GOR for Saturated Oils......Page 764
Oil FVF Correlations......Page 765
Oil Viscosity Correlations......Page 768
Gas/Oil IFT......Page 771
Key Equations in SI Metric Units......Page 773
Glossary......Page 775
References......Page 776
General References......Page 777
Single-Component Phase Diagrams......Page 778
Types of Diagrams......Page 779
Calculation of Phase Compositions......Page 787
References......Page 790
Introduction and History......Page 791
Sampling......Page 793
Chemical Properties of Oilfield Waters......Page 795
Inorganic Constituents......Page 799
Physical Properties of Oilfield Waters*......Page 802
Interpretation of Chemical Analyses......Page 808
Occurrence, Origin, and Evolution of Oilfield Waters......Page 809
Recovery of Minerals From Brines......Page 810
References......Page 811
General Hydrocarbon/Water Phase Diagrams and Equilibrium Data Sourses......Page 814
Hydrate Stability Conditions......Page 817
Determining the Water Content of Gas (or Hydrocarbon-Rich Liquid) in Equilibrium with Hydrates......Page 823
Definition of the Saturated Water Content of Natural Gases in Equilibrium With Aqueous Phases......Page 824
Quantitative Predictions of Solute Concentrations in the Aqueous Phase......Page 829
Sour Water Stripper Correlations......Page 830
Oil and Gas Reservoirs That Exist in the Gas Hydrate Region......Page 831
Hydrate Inhibition......Page 832
References......Page 833
General References......Page 837
Porosity......Page 842
Permeability......Page 851
Fluid Saturations......Page 861
Electrical Conductivity of Fluid-Saturated Rocks......Page 868
Empirical Correlation of Electrical Properties......Page 870
Nomenclature......Page 873
References......Page 874
Permeability......Page 875
Liquid Saturations......Page 882
Reference......Page 883
Introduction......Page 895
Framework Ideas......Page 896
Measurement Methodologies......Page 897
Recent Literature......Page 903
Critique of Recent Work......Page 904
Ramifications Needing Attention......Page 906
Conclusions......Page 907
Nomenclature......Page 908
References......Page 909
General References......Page 910
Trap Classification......Page 911
Characteristics of Reservoir Rocks......Page 916
Glossary of Terms......Page 918
General References......Page 919
BHP Instruments......Page 920
Pressure Transducer Technology......Page 925
Calculated  BHP......Page 926
Application of BHP......Page 927
Nomenclature......Page 934
References......Page 935
Thermometers......Page 937
Thermometry......Page 938
General References......Page 943
Texas Allowable Rule......Page 944
Productivity Index (PI)......Page 945
Theoretical PI......Page 947
Pseudosteady-State Flow......Page 948
Stock-Tank Measurement......Page 949
Portable Well Testers......Page 950
GOR......Page 957
GOR as a Criterion of Reservoir Performance......Page 958
References......Page 959
Pitot-Tube Gauging of Low-Pressure Wells......Page 960
Backpressure Testing......Page 962
Gas Well Inflow Equation, Pseudosteady State......Page 964
Multipoint Test and Example......Page 966
Isochronal Test and Example......Page 969
Comparison of Multipoint With Isochronal Test......Page 970
Calculation of Subsurface Pressures......Page 972
Causes of Deterioration in Performance......Page 979
Nomenclature......Page 981
References......Page 982
Theoretical Basis......Page 983
Producing Wells......Page 985
Injection Wells......Page 1010
Oil Wells......Page 1012
Multiphase Flow......Page 1017
Flow Through Chokes......Page 1027
Liquid Loading in Wells......Page 1028
Nomenclature......Page 1032
Metric Conversion for Key Equations......Page 1033
References......Page 1037
Diffusivity Equation......Page 1039
Oil Well Performance......Page 1040
Gas Well Performance......Page 1048
Transient Well Test Analysis......Page 1052
Key Equations in SI Metric Units......Page 1058
References......Page 1059
Introduction......Page 1060
Oil and Gas Differences......Page 1061
Characterization of the ReservoirPrediction of Reservoir Performance......Page 1062
References......Page 1069
Typical Performance......Page 1071
Basic Assumptions of Tank-Type Material Balance......Page 1072
Basic Data Required......Page 1073
Material-Balance EquationMaterial Balance as Equation of Straight Line for Determination of OIP and of Gas-Cap Size......Page 1075
Material-Balance Calculations Using Tracy's Method......Page 1077
Material-Balance Calculations Using Muskat and Taylor's Method......Page 1080
Sensitivity of Material-Balance Results......Page 1083
Production Rate and Time Calculations......Page 1087
Insights from Simulator Studies......Page 1091
Volatile Oil Reservoir Performance Predictions......Page 1092
Nomenclature......Page 1096
References......Page 1097
Mathematical Analysis......Page 1098
Nomenclature......Page 1114
Key Equations With SI Units......Page 1116
General References......Page 1117
Properties and Behavior of Gas-Condensate Fluids......Page 1118
Gas-Condensate Well Tests and Sampling......Page 1121
Sample Collection and Evalustion......Page 1123
Operation by Pressure Depletion......Page 1127
Operation by Pressure Maintenance or Cycling......Page 1132
General Operating Problems:  Well Characteristics and Requirements......Page 1141
Economics of Gas-Condensate Reservoir Operation......Page 1143
References......Page 1144
Estimating Reserves......Page 1146
Petroleum Reserves - Definitions and Nomenclature......Page 1147
Glossary of TermsComputation of Reservoir Volume......Page 1148
Computation of Oil or Gas in Place......Page 1150
Saturated Depletion-Type Oil Reservoirs - Volumetric Methods......Page 1153
Undersaturated Oil Reservoirs Without Water Drive Above the Bubblepoint - Volumetric Method......Page 1157
Oil Reservoirs With Gas-Cap Drive - Volumetric Unit Recovery Computed by Frontal-Drive Method......Page 1158
Oil Reservoirs Under Gravity Drainage......Page 1159
Oil Reservoirs With Water Drive - Volumetric Methods......Page 1160
Volumetric Recovery Estimates for Nonassociated Gas Reservoirs......Page 1166
Production-Decline Curves......Page 1171
Other Performance Curves......Page 1177
Nomenclature......Page 1180
References......Page 1182
General References......Page 1183
Types of Oil and Gas Property Ownership......Page 1184
Valuation......Page 1185
Forecast of Future Rate of Production......Page 1192
Development and Operating Costs......Page 1194
Federal Taxes......Page 1195
Different Concepts of Valuation......Page 1199
Interest Tables and Deferment Factors......Page 1208
Nomenclature......Page 1219
General References......Page 1220
Introduction......Page 1221
Important Factors in the Design of Injection Operations......Page 1222
Analysis of a Reservoir for Injection Operations......Page 1223
Introduction......Page 1227
Types of Gas-Injection Operations......Page 1228
Methods of Evaluating Unit-Displacement Efficiency......Page 1229
Methods of Evaluating Conformance Efficiency......Page 1232
Methods of Evaluating Areal Sweep Efficiency......Page 1233
Calculation of Gas Pressure-Maintenance Performance......Page 1234
APPENDIX  A :  Example Calculations of Future Performance......Page 1236
APPENDIX  B :  Selected References Related to Gas-Injection Performance Predictions......Page 1242
APPENDIX  C :  Data Requirements for Engineering Analysis of Gas-Injection Operations......Page 1243
Key Equations in SI Metric Units......Page 1244
References......Page 1245
Introduction......Page 1246
Important Factors in Waterflooding or Water-Injection Pressure Maintenance......Page 1247
Determination of Residual Oil After Waterflooding......Page 1250
Predicting Water Injection Oil Recovery and Performance......Page 1252
Water-Injection Well Behavior......Page 1277
Water-Injection Case Histories......Page 1281
Pilot Floods......Page 1282
Surface-Active Agents in Waterflooding......Page 1284
Water Source and Requirements......Page 1286
Water Treating......Page 1288
Selection and Sizing of Waterflood Plants......Page 1290
Nomenclature......Page 1292
Key Equations in SI Metric Units......Page 1293
References......Page 1294
General References......Page 1297
Theoretical Aspects of Miscible-Phase Displacement......Page 1298
Eactors Affecting Displacement Efficiency......Page 1303
References......Page 1310
General References......Page 1312
Three Forms of In-Situ Combustion......Page 1313
Current Status......Page 1315
Theoretical Considerations......Page 1316
Analytical Models for Steam Injection......Page 1319
Numerical Simulation......Page 1323
Laboratory Experimentation......Page 1324
Field Projects......Page 1325
Project Design......Page 1329
Field Facilities......Page 1331
Monitoring and Coring Programs......Page 1332
Operational Problems and Remedies......Page 1333
Thermal Properties......Page 1343
Nomenclature......Page 1352
Key Equations in SI Units......Page 1354
References......Page 1355
General References......Page 1357
Mobility Control Processes......Page 1359
Low-IFT Processes......Page 1367
High-pH Processes......Page 1376
Summary......Page 1380
Nomenclature......Page 1381
References......Page 1382
A Brief History......Page 1385
General Description of Simulation Models......Page 1386
Purpose of Reservoir Simulation......Page 1390
Considerations in Practical Application of Simulation Models......Page 1391
Validity of Simulation Results......Page 1393
Simulation Technology......Page 1397
References......Page 1401
General Reference......Page 1404
Fundamentals......Page 1405
Resistivity Logging Devices*......Page 1415
Induction Logging......Page 1418
Focused-Electrode Logs......Page 1422
Microresistivity Devices......Page 1426
Uses and Interpretation of Well Logs......Page 1429
The Digital Age......Page 1440
Nomenclature......Page 1443
Abbreviations......Page 1444
General References......Page 1445
Introduction......Page 1447
Nuclear Physics for Logging Applications......Page 1449
Nuclear Radiation Logging Devices......Page 1461
Interpretation of Nuclear Logs......Page 1469
Nomenclature......Page 1483
References......Page 1484
Elasticity......Page 1485
Acoustic Wave Propagation in Rocks......Page 1488
Acoustic Wave Propagaiton Methods......Page 1495
Methods of Recording Acoustic Data......Page 1498
Applications......Page 1512
Nomenclature......Page 1532
Appendix......Page 1533
References......Page 1534
Service Types......Page 1537
Formation Evaluation Services......Page 1538
the Mud Log......Page 1547
Petroleum Engineering Services......Page 1552
Drilling Engineering Services......Page 1563
Selecting a Mud Logging Service......Page 1564
References......Page 1566
General Reference......Page 1567
MWD......Page 1568
Directional Surveys......Page 1570
Dipmeter Logging......Page 1574
Caliper Logs......Page 1583
Casing Inspection Logs......Page 1584
References......Page 1593
General Principles......Page 1594
Acid Reaction Rates......Page 1597
Acid Additives......Page 1599
Acidizing Techniques......Page 1601
Laboratory Testing......Page 1602
Acid Treatment Design......Page 1603
Critical Wells......Page 1604
General References......Page 1605
Hydraulic Fracturing Theory......Page 1608
Reservoir-Controlled Fluids......Page 1609
Stimulation Results......Page 1611
Fracturing Materials......Page 1612
Fracturing Techniques......Page 1615
Treatment Planning and Design......Page 1616
General References......Page 1617
Mud Removal......Page 1620
Sand Control......Page 1621
References......Page 1628
The Landowner's Interest......Page 1629
The Oil and Gas Lease......Page 1631
Assignments by the Landowner......Page 1634
Unit Operations......Page 1635
Getting the Well Drilled......Page 1636
Lease Problems During Development......Page 1638
Offshore Leasing......Page 1639
General References......Page 1640
58......Page 1641
Part1:  SI - The International System of Units*......Page 1642
Application of the Metric System......Page 1643
Rules for Conversion and Rounding......Page 1645
Special Terms and Quantities Involving Mass and Amount of Substance......Page 1647
APPENDIX   A......Page 1648
APPENDIX   B......Page 1649
APPENDIX   C......Page 1651
APPENDIX   D......Page 1654
APPENDIX   E......Page 1660
APPENDIX   F......Page 1661
Review of Selected Units......Page 1662
Unit Standards Under Discussion......Page 1664
Notes for Table 2.3......Page 1665
59......Page 1680
Symbols in Alphabetical Order......Page 1681
Quantities in Alphabetical Order......Page 1697
Subscript Definitions in Alphabetical Order......Page 1731
Subscript Symbols in Alphabetical Order......Page 1742
AUTHOR p1......Page 1750
SUBJECT......Page 1764