Pesticides in Agriculture and the Environment (Books in Soils, Plants, and the Environment)

PESTICIDES IN AGRICULTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 1
PREFACE......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 13
CONTENTS......Page 11
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 15
2 A CALL TO ACTION......Page 16
2.1 SELECTED STATEMENTS MADE BY SENATORS......Page 19
2.2 SELECTED STATEMENTS BY FARMER REPRESENTATIVES......Page 21
2.3 SELECTED STATEMENTS BY ENVIRONMENTALISTS......Page 22
2.4 SELECTED STATEMENTS BY UNIVERSITY RESEARCHERS......Page 23
3 FROM POLICY TO PROGRAMS......Page 25
4 THE REALITIES SET IN......Page 29
6 A PUSH TO INCREASE IPM ADOPTION......Page 31
7 THE ROLE OF PESTICIDE REGULATIONS......Page 33
8 CONCLUSIONS......Page 34
REFERENCES......Page 36
1 DEFINITION OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL......Page 39
2 BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL......Page 40
3 ECOLOGICAL BASIS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL......Page 42
5 BIOCONTROL STRATEGIES BASED ON BIOCONTROL TARGET–BIOCONTROL AGENT INTERACTIONS......Page 43
5.1 NATURALLY OCCURRING BIOLOGICAL CONTROL......Page 44
5.2.1 AGENTS USED BY MEANS OF A LIMITED NUMBER OF INTRODUCTIONS......Page 46
5.2.2 AGENTS USED AS BIOPROTECTANTS......Page 47
5.2.3 AGENTS USED AS BIOPESTICIDES......Page 51
5.3 SYSTEM MANAGEMENT APPROACH......Page 60
6 USE OF GENES AND GENE PRODUCTS......Page 63
6.1 SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE......Page 64
6.2 TRANSGENIC CROPS EXPRESSING VIRAL COAT PROTEIN GENES......Page 65
REFERENCES......Page 66
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 73
2.1 AGGREGATE TRENDS......Page 74
2.2 INSECTICIDES......Page 77
2.3 HERBICIDES......Page 83
2.5 OTHER PESTICIDES......Page 87
3 ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING PESTICIDE USE......Page 91
3.1 PESTICIDE COST EFFICIENCY......Page 92
4 COUNTERPRODUCTIVE PESTICIDE APPLICATIONS......Page 94
4.1 ECONOMIC THRESHOLDS......Page 95
4.2 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT......Page 96
5 PESTICIDE REGULATORY POLICY......Page 97
5.1 A REVIEW OF CHANGING POLICY......Page 98
5.2 FOOD QUALITY PROTECTION ACT OF 1996......Page 99
5.3 IMPLICATIONS OF THE FQPA FOR RISK MANAGEMENT......Page 103
6 SUMMARY......Page 105
REFERENCES......Page 106
1 PESTICIDE SAFETY......Page 110
2 FRAMEWORK OF HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT......Page 111
2.1 HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES......Page 112
2.2 DATA FOR RISK ASSESSMENT......Page 113
3.1.1 ACUTE TOXICITY CATEGORIES......Page 114
3.1.2 ADVERSE EFFECT IDENTI.CATION......Page 115
3.2 DOSE – RESPONSE ASSESSMENT......Page 117
3.2.1 THRESHOLD MODEL: NO OBSERVED EFFECT LEVEL AND BENCHMARK DOSE......Page 118
3.2.3 NONTHRESHOLD MODEL: POTENCY SLOPE......Page 119
3.3 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT......Page 122
3.4 RISK CHARACTERIZATION......Page 128
4.1 GENERAL FRAMEWORK......Page 132
5 FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 133
REFERENCES......Page 134
1 RATIONALE......Page 139
2.1 THE DISSIPATION PROCESS......Page 142
2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARTMENTS......Page 143
2.3 STRUCTURE......Page 145
2.4 ACTIVATION – DEACTIVATION......Page 146
3.1 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 148
3.2 LEACHING......Page 153
3.4 RATE CONSTANTS FOR PHYSICAL FATE PROCESSES......Page 155
3.5 BIOAVAILABILITY......Page 156
3.7 CHEMICAL REACTIONS......Page 157
3.8 MICROBIAL DEGRADATION (BIODEGRADATION)......Page 159
4.1 PHYSICAL MODELS......Page 162
4.2 MATHEMATICAL MODELS......Page 163
5.1 AIR......Page 166
5.2 WATER......Page 167
6 SUMMARY......Page 168
REFERENCES......Page 169
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 174
2.1 SINGLE-RESIDUE METHODS......Page 175
2.2 MULTIRESIDUE METHODS......Page 176
3 SURVEY OF NATIONAL MRMS FROM AROUND THE WORLD......Page 195
4 CURRENT TRENDS AND THE FUTURE OF TRACE RESIDUE ANALYSIS......Page 215
REFERENCES......Page 216
1 BACKGROUND......Page 220
2 IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMIC LOSSES......Page 226
3 PEST MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR MINOR CROPS......Page 230
4 IMPEDIMENTS TO EFFECTIVE PEST MANAGEMENT......Page 237
5 FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF PEST MANAGEMENT ON MINOR CROPS......Page 242
REFERENCES......Page 244
APPENDIX 2......Page 247
APPENDIX 2......Page 248
APPENDIX 3......Page 249
APPENDIX 4......Page 250
APPENDIX 5......Page 251
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 252
2 DEFINITIONS OF RESISTANCE......Page 254
3 THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDE RESISTANCE......Page 256
4 RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT, MONITORING, AND DETECTION......Page 258
5 COUNTING RESISTANT ARTHROPODS......Page 259
6 TOP TWENTY RESISTANT ARTHROPODS......Page 262
7 DATABASE ANALYSIS......Page 266
8 CAUSES OF RESISTANCE......Page 268
9 THE STATE OF RESISTANCE FOR CHEMICAL CLASSES......Page 270
10 ARTHROPOD RESISTANCE TO COMPOUNDS WITH NOVEL MODES OF ACTION......Page 272
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 277
REFERENCES......Page 278
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 284
2 BASIC APPLICATION SYSTEMS......Page 285
2.2 HAND-HELD SPRAY GUNS......Page 286
3.2 TANKS......Page 287
3.4 FLOW CONTROL ASSEMBLIES......Page 289
3.6 HOSES AND FITTINGS......Page 290
3.8 NOZZLES......Page 291
6 APPLICATION EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES FOR MINIMIZING PARTICLE DRIFT......Page 295
6.1 FACTORS AFFECTING SPRAY DRIFT......Page 296
7 ELECTRONICS FOR PRECISE APPLICATION......Page 298
8 ON-THE-GO/ ONBOARD APPLICATION SYSTEMS......Page 299
9 SITE-SPECIFIC CROP MANAGEMENT (PRECISION AGRICULTURE)......Page 300
10 VARIABLE RATE SPRAY SYSTEM (PULSE NOZZLES)......Page 301
12 HOODS AND SPRAY SHIELDS......Page 302
13 INJECTION SYSTEMS......Page 303
15 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS AND CONCERNS......Page 305
1 A CENTURY OF PROGRESS......Page 306
2 THE CROP PROTECTION INDUSTRY—HAS IT COME FULL CIRCLE?......Page 308
3 MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS......Page 310
4 IMPACT OF GENERIC PRODUCERS......Page 314
5 THE ROLE OF THE SEED COMPANIES......Page 316
6 SUPPLYING CROP PROTECTION TOOLS TO THE FARMER......Page 319
7 THE DISCOVERY PROCESS......Page 320
8 NEW CHEMISTRIES......Page 323
9 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY......Page 329
11 THE FUTURE......Page 335
REFERENCES......Page 336