Pest and vector control

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 11
Impact on man......Page 15
What is a vector?......Page 22
Major pests and vectors......Page 23
Minor pests and vectors......Page 27
Occasional pests and vectors......Page 28
Migrant pests and vectors......Page 29
Potential pests and vectors......Page 33
Irrigation......Page 34
Farm mechanization......Page 36
Scavenging......Page 38
Pollination......Page 39
Insect products......Page 40
Insects as human food......Page 42
Some other uses of insects......Page 43
The pest problem......Page 45
Factors affecting the abundance of insects......Page 46
Epidemic situations......Page 54
Increase in food/host resource......Page 55
Movement of man, crops and insects to new areas......Page 56
Changes in man’s management practices......Page 59
Climate changes......Page 62
Introduction......Page 66
The industrial development of new insecticides......Page 67
The main groups of insecticides......Page 72
Routes to the insect......Page 73
Oils......Page 75
Heavy metals......Page 76
Organochlorines......Page 77
Organophosphates......Page 79
Carbamates......Page 80
Synthetic pyrethroids......Page 81
Avermectins......Page 82
Insect growth regulators (IGRs)......Page 83
Formulations......Page 86
Water-dispersible (wettable) powders (WP on labels)......Page 87
Paints and lacquers......Page 88
Granules......Page 89
Impregnated plastics......Page 90
Introduction......Page 91
Spray application to the target/surface......Page 92
Hydraulic sprayers......Page 97
Mistblowers......Page 100
Ultra-low-volume (ULV)......Page 101
Spinning cage......Page 102
Spinning cup......Page 103
Twin-orifice sprayers......Page 105
Air assistance......Page 106
Application of solids......Page 107
Smokes......Page 108
Spot-on and pour-on applications......Page 110
Impregnated protective materials......Page 111
House spraying......Page 112
Insecticide application to aquatic habitats......Page 113
Treatment of livestock......Page 116
Deposits and residues......Page 118
Introduction......Page 121
Case history for lessons in failure: malaria eradication......Page 122
Toxicity to humans......Page 124
Effects on wildlife......Page 126
Nature fights back......Page 128
Order of using different compounds......Page 133
Pesticide rejuvenation......Page 134
The resistance race......Page 135
The other road......Page 136
History of environmental/cultural control......Page 137
Mechanical disturbance of the environment......Page 139
Irrigation......Page 142
Fertilizer and other soil ameliorations......Page 144
Sanitary measures......Page 146
Diversionary hosts......Page 150
Multiple cropping in agriculture......Page 153
Separation of pest/vector and host in time and space......Page 155
Changes in agricultural systems......Page 157
Conclusions......Page 159
History of biological control......Page 161
Advantages of biological control......Page 163
Disadvantages of biological control......Page 165
Predators......Page 167
Nematodes......Page 168
Inoculation......Page 172
Seasonal inoculative release......Page 174
Inundation......Page 175
Conservation......Page 176
Microclimate and crop background......Page 177
Alternative and alternate prey......Page 178
Flowers......Page 180
Cottony cushion scale in California......Page 181
Coconut moth in Fiji......Page 182
Biological control of vectors of malaria......Page 184
Climatic mismatching......Page 186
Absence of alternative prey......Page 187
Is biological control natural?......Page 188
Introduction......Page 191
Advantages of pathogens......Page 192
Disadvantages of pathogens......Page 193
Contact microbials: fungi......Page 195
Viruses......Page 197
Bacteria......Page 200
Conclusions......Page 203
Introduction......Page 204
Sterile-insect release technique......Page 205
Chromosomal translocations......Page 210
Hybrid sterility......Page 211
Competitive displacement......Page 212
Chemosterilization......Page 213
Genetic manipulation of insects......Page 215
Introduction......Page 218
Use of pheromones for monitoring pest populations......Page 221
Use of pheromones for trapping-out pest populations (‘lure and kill’)......Page 222
The pheromone confusion technique......Page 224
Manipulating the behaviour of natural enemies......Page 227
Pest resistance to pheromone techniques......Page 228
Introduction......Page 229
Sources of variation......Page 231
Location of sources for resistance......Page 233
The classification of resistance......Page 234
Colour......Page 235
Palatability at host selection......Page 237
Waxiness......Page 238
Major morphological characters......Page 239
Necrosis......Page 240
Phenological resistance......Page 241
Nutritional factors......Page 242
Extrinsic resistance......Page 243
Symptom expression......Page 244
Yield penalty......Page 245
Damage to biological control......Page 246
Biotypes......Page 247
Variability of resistance......Page 249
Plant resistance and vectors of plant diseases......Page 250
Introduction......Page 251
Vaccination......Page 252
Trypanotolerant cattle......Page 253
Physical methods......Page 256
Mosquito nets......Page 257
Screening......Page 258
Sticky traps......Page 259
Other traps......Page 262
Lethal ambient conditions......Page 264
Other physical methods......Page 266
Additional attractants......Page 267
Repellents......Page 268
Antifeedants......Page 270
Legislation aimed at excluding entry......Page 271
Quarantine......Page 272
Legislation aimed at achieving eradication......Page 273
Legislation to enforce prophylactic control measures......Page 274
Role of drugs against vertebrate parasites......Page 275
Role of international organizations......Page 276
Application of pesticides......Page 278
Community participation......Page 280
Introduction......Page 285
Spotted alfalfa aphid in California......Page 286
Peach potato aphid on chrysanthemums in glasshouses in the UK......Page 287
The integrated control concept......Page 289
Concepts of pest and vector management......Page 291
Establishing economic thresholds in agriculture......Page 292
Critical thresholds in medical and veterinary entomology......Page 295
How are thresholds established?......Page 297
How are thresholds used in practice?......Page 299
Agricultural pests......Page 303
Medical and veterinary pests and vectors......Page 306
Augmenting the resistance of the agro-ecosystem......Page 308
Developing selective pesticide applications......Page 309
Inherently selective insecticides......Page 311
Reduced dose rate......Page 312
Time of application......Page 313
Application in space......Page 314
Fate of the early examples of integrated control......Page 316
Later developments of the integrated control concept: crop pests......Page 317
Later developments of the integrated control concept: medical and veterinary pests......Page 318
Control versus eradication......Page 320
Pest management packages......Page 321
Synthesis of target-specific controls (Menu systems)......Page 322
Computer design of menu-based packages......Page 324
Protocols......Page 325
Modelling medical and veterinary pest populations......Page 329
Conclusions......Page 330
Chemosterilants......Page 334
Microbials......Page 335
Organochlorines......Page 336
Pyrethroids......Page 337
Synergist......Page 338
References......Page 339
Index......Page 342